AL 3530 Exam 3

acetabulum

deep socket located on the ischium; because socket is so deep there is stability

quadriceps (4)

4 muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis)

Hamstrings muscles and rotation

3 muscles( semitendonosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) knee flexion and hip extension

Groin muscles and rotation

5 muscles (gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectinius, adductor magnus) external rotation and adduction of hip

myositis ossificans

repeated blows to the quads; bone is affected and blood clot forms from hemorrhaging and body starts to develop bony tissue

dislocated hip

seperation of the femoral head and acetabulum

hip pointer

contusion to iliac crest; injury occurs to bone and this is the muscle attachment

avascular necrosis

created when hip dislocation tears blood supply that feeds hip; result:death to joint

cervical spine

5 bones; curves forward (C)

thoracic spine

12 bones, curves backward

lumbar spine

5 bones; curves forward (L)

saccrum

5 fused bones

coccyx

4 mostly fused bones

kyphosis

an excessive forward curvature of the spine

scoliosis

lateral curve of spine; unequal leg length

spondylolysis

defect in vertebrae; stress fracture; repeated hyperextension

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

bones in the knee

knee

stability provided by ligaments and muscle; no bony support

Anterior Collateral ligament (ACL)

prevents anterior translation of tibia on femur; keeps lower leg form moving forward; secondary restraint from valgus and varus stress

ACL injuries

torsion/ rotation when one part of lower leg is stable

Posterior collateral ligament (PCL)

stronger, primary stabilizer, prevents hyperextension

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

superficial portion attaches from medial epicondyle of femur to tibia; prevents valgus stress in knee extension

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

attaches from lateral epicondyle of femur to fibular head; prevents varus stess (inside firce) in knee and flexion

Menisci

absorb shock and stabilize knee

medial menisci

c shaped semilunar; attached to fibers of semimembranosus (hamstring)

Lateral menisci

o shaped semilunar; doesn't attach to other structures

red-white zone

vascular zone with minimal healing

white-white zone

avascular zone in meniscal

Flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation

knee ROM

Genu Valgum (Knocked Knees)

places tension medially; abnormal IT band tightness

Genu Varum (bowlegs)

deviation of femur and tibia; hyperextended knees and femur that're IR

Genu Recurratum (Hyperextension)

weakness and stretching of hamstrings; anterior pressure on the knee; pressure on posterior ligaments and tendons

patella alta

patella sets in a more superior position than normal; rides high in the patella-femoral groove

Patella baja

patella sets in a more inferior position; rides low in the patella- femoral groove

unhappy triad injury

weakness in knee structure that creates a chain reaction; ACL and MCL tear; blowing out the knee

dorsiflexion

most stable point of ankle

plantarflexion

least stable point for ankle

metatarsals and phalanges

forefoot region bones

navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms

midfoot region bones

calcaneus and talus

rear foot region bones

acute compartment syndrome

blow to lower leg; anterior CS or posterior CS; muscle affected: tibilas, extensor hallogus longus, tibial artery

medial tibial stress syndrome

shinsplints; runs down medial side of leg; overtraining or change in training

pes planus

unusually low arches

pes cavus

unusally high arches

bunion

abnormal bone growth of big toe growing toward 2nd toe; pressure creates calcification on medial aspect of big toe

plantar fascitis

irritation of fascia tissue on bottom of the foot; stepping on tacks

impetigo

bacterial infection; spreads rapidly; mild itching and soreness; eruption of small vesicles

furuncle

boil

folliculitis

infection of hair follicle; inflammation then development of pustules; use heat to draw out

MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

usually from dirt (sliding injuries) and then passed around

tinea corporis

mainly involves upper extremity and trunk; contracted from animals, barbershops, hairbrushes; grayish scales or black patches

tinea cruris

jock itch; brown/ red in groin; resembling a butterfly

tinea pedis

athletes foot; soles of feet/ between toes; extreme itching or burning

plantar warts

soles of feet; cluster of small black seeds

eczema

allergic reaction of skin; red/swelling tissue; irritation of friction

dermatitis

inflammation of the dermis; allergic reaction; poision ivy