writing proposal

Research

A systematic inquiry that uses discipline methods to answer question or solve problems with the ultimate goal of refining and expanding knowledge.

A process of step used to collect and analyze information to increase our standing of a topic or issue

Research process involves a systematic inquiry analysis and critical and reflective thinking

Characteristics of research

Empirical

The process adapted should be tested for accuracy and each step should be coherent in progression

Which research must be conducted following rigorous scientific methods and procedures

Characteristics of research

2. Logical and systematic

The research process involves a series of scientific and chronologically arranged steps to produce knowledge

Characteristics of research

3. Cyclical

The goal of research is to find out more about a particular problem it procedures result that may need further research to validate and explore

Characteristics of research

4. Replicability

The research can be duplicated by other researchers in other setting to confirm and or validate results or improve the original research

Characteristics of research

5. Critical

The process adapted and the procedure use must be able to withstand critical scrutiny

Characteristics of research

6. Analytical and accurate

Research should be focused not only on what is happening but also on how and why a particular phenomenon process draw certain conclusions

Data collected that does not yield results or is unsuitable to be used for further studies or application disrupts the purpose of research

Research generate knowledge

Requires addressing problems or issues and searching for potential solutions

contributes to existing information about issues

fills the gap in existing knowledge

Research improve practice

It suggest improvements for practice

It offers new ideas or practices

It advocates inter professional collaboration which generates new ideas

Research improves and informs policy making

Provides information to policy makers

Provides the opportunity to view assess and weight various perspective on various issues or problems

A. According to motive or intent

1. Basic research

Theoretical pure fundamental or bench research done to advanced knowledge in a given subject

It is undertaken to extend the base of knowledge in a discipline or to formulate or refined a theory

A. According to motive or intentP

2. Applied research

Conducted to gain knowledge that has practical application and contribute in some way to a modification of practice

Six solutions to existing problems

Basic research

Focus on understanding

describes knowledge, attitudes, practices

often descriptive or correlational answer what is happening

Applied research

Focuses on solving a problem

test inversion or programs

often experimental or evaluative

answer what's works

B. According to levels of investigation

1. Exploratory

Investigates the full nature of the phenomenon the manner in which it is manifested and the other factors to which it is related

Identify the variables

B. According to levels of investigation

2. Descriptive

Studies the relations of variables

Determines if variables are related or associated

B. According to levels of investigation

3. Experimental

Researchers manipulate the condition in the study and makes observation in a tightly controlled environment

Highly structured studies of cause and effect usually applied to determine the effectiveness of an intervention

Types of experimental research

True experimental research

Quasi experimental research

Pre experimental research

True experimental research

Has strict control of all variables by manipulation, control and randomization

True experimental research

a. Manipulation

Is the property that is achieved when the experimenters does something to at least some study participants

The independent variable is manipulated by introducing experimental intervention drug or treatment

True experimental research

B. Control

The experimenter introduces controls over the experimental situation by : manipulation. applying the principle of randomization

careful preparation of the experimental protocols and

by use of a control group

Types of control

Control group

Used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group on the same variable

Types of control

2. Experimental group

Group of subject that is manipulated and given the treatment or intervention aka treatment group

Quasi experimental research

Lack of at least one of the properties of true experimental research usually randomization of control groups

Involves the manipulation of an independent variable but lacks randomization to treatment which characteristics through experiments

Pre-experimental research

Manipulation of the independent variable

No randomization or control group limited control over extraneous variables

Considered fundamentally weak and rarely used to because it locks control strategies to compensate for the lack of compassion group or randomization

According to time dimension

1. Retrospective

Studies conducted using data that had been collected about events that have already happened

Secondary data where originally collected for a purpose other than the current research

Begins with a dependent variable and looks backward for its causes and antecedents

Answer a current variable using the past

According to time dimension

2. Prospective

Study begins with an independent variable and looks forward to its effects

Use intervention and go in time to predict what will happen in the future

According to time dimension

3. Longitudinal

Studies conducted by the following subjects over a period of time with data collection occurring at prescribed intervals

Repeated data collection at an extended time interval

Data collected at different points in time

Threats to internal validity

1. Attrition

Subjects gradually decrease over time

Threats to internal validity

2. History

An event prior to data collection at specific period of time which may affect the result

Threats to internal validity

3. Maturity

As one grows older one becomes better

According to time dimension

4. Cross sectional

Studies conducted by looking at a single phenomenon across multiple population at a single point

With no intent for follow up in the design

According to philosophical assumptions

1. Quantitative

Investigate of phenomena that lends themselves to precise measurements and quantification often involve a rigorous and controlled design

Traditional approach to scientific research

Researchers use deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world

According to philosophical assumptions

2. Qualitative

Investigation of phenomena typically an in-depth and holistic fashion through the collection of which narrative materials using a flexible research design

Emphasize the inherent complexity of humans and their ability to shape and create their own experiences

Truth is a composite of realities

National unified health research agenda (NUHRA) 2023-2028

Nationally develop health research road map that outlines priority research theme and topics

Serves as the countries official guide for prioritizing health research

Main purpose is to ensure that health research is coordinated relevant responsive and aligned with national health needs and development goals

The 11 main NUHRA themes

1. Disease management

Focuses on improving prevention diagnosis treatment and monitoring of both communicable and non-communicable disease

The 11 main NUHRA themes

2. Halal in health

Addresses the need for health products medicines cosmetics foods and services that comply with halal standards

The 11 main NUHRA themes

3. Health security emergency and disaster risk management

Emphasize readiness and resilience against emergencies such as pandemics natural disaster crime related events and biological threads

Research includes threatening surveillance systems improving emergency response ensuring continuity of essential health services and addressing health needs of population affected by disasters

The 11 main NUHRA themes

4. Health technology and innovation

Focuses on developing and evaluating new technologies such as diagnostic tools biomedical devices digital health system tele medicine platforms and health information systems

The 11 main NUHRA themes

5. Health of vulnerable population

Examines the health needs of a groups who face social economic or physical disadvantage such as indigenous people elderly children person with disabilities women in poverty and geographically isolated populations

The 11 main NUHRA themes

6. Health promotion

Focuses on strategies to enable people to increase control over their health and adapt healthier behaviors

The 11 main NUHRA themes

7. Health system straightening towards universal health coverage (UHC)

Addresses the structures and process that enable a functional health system financing governance service delivery workforce medicines information system and referral networks

The 11 main NUHRA themes

8. Maternal newborn and child health

Targets improving outcomes for pregnant women infants and children's

Focuses on antinatal intrapartum and postpartum care

The 11 main NUHRA themes

9. Mental health

Recognize the growing burden of a mental health issues in the philippines

The 11 main NUHRA themes

10.Nutrition and food security

Focuses on improving the nutritional status of filipino specially childrens pregnant women and disadvantage communities

The 11 main NUHRA themes

11. Sexual and reproductive health

Addresses issues related to reproductive rights family planning adolescent sexuality maternal health safe pregnancy fertility and the prevention and management of reproductive tract infections

Ethics in research

Govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers

Must had here to ethical principle in order to protect the dignity rights and welfare of research participants

Nazi medical experiments 1930's 1940

During world war ii nazi doctors conducted in human experiments on prisoners without their consent

Noremburg code 1947

First international guideline emphasizing inform consent and voluntary participation

Tuskegee syphilis study

African american men with syphilis were studied without being told they had the disease or offered treatment even after a cure became available

Willowbrook study

Mentally disabled children in a new york institution where deliberately infected with hepatitis to study the disease

Belmont report

In response to this abuses the us government established the belmont report which set basic ethical principle for ethical research

Respect for persons

Beneficence

Justice

What are the rights of participants in research?

1. Right to informed consent

2. Right to refuse participation and withdraw

3. Right to be protected from harm

4. Right to privacy

5. Right to confidentiality and anonymity

Vulnerable groups in research

Individuals or population who may have limited ability to protect their own interest or give inform consent in research

Limited capacity to give informed consent

Cognitive or decision making impairments

Ex. Children, people with mental illness, intellectual disabilities, unconscious patients

Power imbalance or coercion risk

Individuals under authority or dependency relationship may feel pressured to participate

Economic or social disadvantage

Participants with limited access to resources or low socioeconomic status may feel compelled to join research compensation or care

Health or medical condition

Individuals with serious or terminal illnesses may be vulnerable due to desperation for treatment or lack of alternatives

Cultural language or educational barriers

Participants who do not fully understand the language research procedure or implications

Legal or institutional status

Individual who speedom is restricted or dependent or institutional care

Fabrication

Making up result

creation of data without data gathering or inadequate data gathering

Falsification

Manipulating research materials equipment or process changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record

Plagiarism

Involves literary theft or distilling the words or ideas of other people and claiming it to be one's own without giving credit to the source

Direct/ intentional/ deliberate plagiarism

Involves intentionally stealing another person's worth and using it as one's own and is premediated and designed to deceive others

Cryptomnesia

Is the act of mistakenly believing that a researcher is the originator of an idea when in fact the idea is a stored memory from a previous encounter

Accidental plagiarism

Involves neglecting to cite sources and falling to provide data credits to authors

Unintentionally paraphrasing without attribution

Self plagiarism

Involves an author reusing his previous paper or a part of it without adequate citation and referencing

Mosaic plagiarism

Involves borrowing ideas and opinions from an original source and adding a fewer but verbatim words or phrase without crediting the author

Personal experience

Knowledge gained through direct involvement in a practice or real life situation

Tradition

Information accepted as true because it has been passed down over there

Authority

Information from experts professionals or respected sources

Logical reasoning

Reasoning as a key source of knowledge

Inductive reasoning

moves from specific observation general

Ex. Observing several patient struggle with discharge instructions developing a theory about communication barriers

Deductive reasoning

Moves from general theory to specific hypothesis

Trial and error

Learning by trying different solution and seeing what works

Discipline research ( scientific inquiry)

Considered as the most reliable source

Involved systematic rigorous and controlled investigation.

Publish research literature

Peer reviewed

journal articles this and desertions

Theories

Organized systems of concept that explains relationships

Conceptual models and frameworks

Visual or narratives representation of how concept relate

Policies, reports, and database

Government reports

Health statistics database

Institutional records

Identifying and defining the research problem

The research process begins with the problem or area of concern

Reviewing the literature

A systematic search and analysis of existing knowledge

Developing a theoretical or conceptual framework

Provides a structure for understanding the problem

Formulating research question and or hypothesis

In quantitative research development of specific testable hypothesis

In qualitative research broad open ended research questions

Selecting the research design

The overall plan for answering the research questions

Introduction

Establishes the context rationale and direction of the study

This chapter should clearly present why the problem exist why it matters and how it will be studied

Background of the study

Sets the stage for the entire project

Part of the paper that provides readers with the background information with regards to the topic of the paper

What is the problem and why should anyone care why is there a need to conduct this study

Review of related literature

Should contains a selective and integrated review of key literature rather than a full synthesis

Operationalization of key concept

Introduce and clarify key concepts early to help ensure conceptual clarity and alignment

Gap statement and significance of this study

A strong introduction must clearly identify a research gap and explain the value of addressing it

Theoretical framework

Is the backbone of research

It represent an integrated set of propositions ideas or theories that explain why a phenomenon occurs

It uses existing theories to explain the relationship between the variables in this study

Derived from existing theories in literature or formulated of non-exist

Conceptual framework

Is your personal map of the study

It is a tentative theoretical outline that the researcher develops based on literature and theory

Visually represent how variables are related based on theory and literature

It often appears as visual representation or diagram that connects concept and variables giving a clear picture of what the researcher plans to investigate

Independent variable dependent variable

One of the most commonly used frameworks in quantitative research

InDependent variables

These are the factors that influence affect or predict an outcome

Dependent variable

This is the main outcome or result being studied

Input process output

What the researcher does refers to the various research activities such as data collection processing and analysis

Output process framework

What comes out of the study

The result or product of the research

Moderator variable model

A variable that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable

Moderator valuables helps explain when for whom or under what condition relationship between the variables occurs

Ads depth and precision by recognizing that effects are not always the same for all groups

Mediator intervening variable model

Is a variable that explain how or why an independent variables influences a dependent variable

Helps researchers understand the mechanism or process and verifying an observed relationship

Statement of the problem

A clear concise description of the specific issue gap or concern that the study aims to address

It explains what the problem is why it is important and set the direction for the research by identifying the main focus and guiding questions of this study

Helps the researcher clearly identify the purpose of the research project

The statement will serve as the basis for the introductory section of the proposal