Lab Quiz #5 BIOL 124

synarthrosis

immovable joint-

diathrosis

freely movable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

suture joint

bones held together by short dense connective tissue fibers synarthrosis

syndesmosis joint

bones held together by ligament fibers are longer to allow some movement amphiarthrosis

Gomphosis

peg in socket like tooth synarthrosis

symphysis

two bones joined by fibrocartilage- amphiarthrosis- intervertebral joint, pubic symphysis

Synchondrosis

hyaline cartilage- synarthrosis- epiphyseal plate, sternum

synovial joints

bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

ball an socket joint

shoulder and hip

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

condylar joint

egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another

Flexion

bending a joint

extension

Straightening of a joint

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

medial and lateral rotation

motions in the limbs
rotate axis of limb toward midline (subscapularis)
vs.
rotate axis of limb away from midline (infraspinatus)

pronation/supination

turning the hand to a palm down or palm up position

elevation/depression

Shoulder girdle movement upward/downward

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

up and down movement of the foot

inversion/eversion

movements of the sole of the foot medially or laterally

opposition/reposition

moving thumb toward other fingers and then back

protraction/retraction

anterior to posterior movement of scapula or mandible

unhappy triad

ACL, MCL, medial meniscus

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

fibrous layer of joint capsule

dense irregular connective tissue- continuous with periosteum of articulating bones

synovial membrane

loose areolar connective tissue produces synovial fluid into joint cavity

articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

Bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

tendons and ligaments

dense regular connective tissue

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

fibrocartilage pads

meniscus of the knee

knee joint

hinge joint: patellar ligament, quadriceps femoris tendon, fibular collateral ligament, tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial and lateral meniscus

hip joint

ball and socket joint: strong reinforcement, very stable but limits movement, iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ligamentum teres,

shoulder joint

ball and socket, most freely moveable joint in body, coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, glenohumorial ligament ( 3 ligaments supporting articular capsule), acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone. trabecular, cavities filled with bone marrow

epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

circumferential lamellae

located deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum and extend around entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of long bone

interstitial lamellae

fill spaces between osteons

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

perforating canal

canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

central canal (bone tissue)

contains blood vessels and nerves

perforating fibers

secure periosteum to underlying bone

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

osteocyte

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

lacuna

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

zone of resting cartilage

hyaline cartilage

zone of proliferating cartilage

rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

cells enlarged and remain in columns

zone of calcified cartilage

thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix

zone of ossification

walls break down between lacunae in columns
spaces invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells
new bone matrix deposited on the calcified cartilage matrix

male vs female pelvis

- larger pelvic outlet in women
- less curvature of sacrum and coccyx in women
- wider, more circular pelvic inlet in women
- broader pubic arch in women

collagen fibers

organic strength

calcium salts

inorganic hardness

long bones

longer than they are wide

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

short bones

carpals and tarsals

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.