earth science in house

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Layers of earth (out to in)

temperature is higher but pressure solidifies

why is inner core solid while outer coure is liquid

increases, increases, increases

As you go down the layers of the earth, density ___, temp ____, pressure ____

5-70km

how thick is the crust

2900km

how thick is mantle

2200-2260km

how thick is outer core

1221-1530km

how thick is inner core

1000km

how thick is the atmosphere

earthquakes (different densities → refraction)

what determines layer of earth

Focus/hypocenter

The exact point deep within the Earth's crust where the rocks fracture and the earthquake rupture begins

Epicenter

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus

Fault

A fracture or zone of fractures in the Earth's rock layers

seismic waves

Vibrations that transmit the energy released by the earthquake

Normal fault

geologic fracture where the earth’s crust is pulled apart by tensional force

reverse fault

geologic fracture where tectonic forces squeeze rock blocks together, pushing the block above the fault plane upward relative to the block below

hanging wall

rock mass above the fault plane in a reverse fault

foot wall

rock mass below the fault plane in a reverse fault

strike-slip fault

vertical fracture in the earth’s crust where rock blocks slide past one another horizontally driven by shearing stress

Body (primary waves and secondary waves) and Surface( love and rayleigh)

4 types of seismic waves

body waves

seismic waves which travel through earth’s interior

surface waves

seismic waves which travel along the crust; causes the most damage

primary waves

fastest seismic waves, compressional, travel through solid rock and liquid

secondary waves

slower than p waves, transverse waves, shake the ground perpendicularly, can only travel through solids

Love waves

fastest surface wave; move the ground side to side like the slithering motion of snake

rayleigh wave

surface waves that roll of the ground like an ocean, moving the ground both vertically and horizontally in an elliptical motion

Richter scale

what scale measure magnitude of earthquake

Mercalli scale

what scale measure intensity of earthquake

Subduction

a geological process where one tectonic plate dives beneath another and sinks into the mantle after converging

rift valleys

a lowland region formed where Earth's tectonic plates pull apart

hotspots

stationary, intensely hot plumes of magma that rise from deep within the Earth's mantle

volcanic island arcs

arise from oceanic-oceanic subduction

continental volcanic arcs

arise from oceanic-continental subduction

shield volcanoes

broad, gentle slopes built by runny lava

Composite volcanoes

steep, layered cones built by explosive eruptions

cinder cones

small, steep piles of volcanic debris

weathering

needed to go from rocks to desiments

compact

needed for sediments to become sedimentary rocks

metamorphism/recrystalization

needed for rocks to go to metamorphicrocks

melt

neede for rocks to become magma

crystallization

needed for magma to become igneousrocks

Troposphere

layer of the atmosphere where weather happens

Stratosphere

contains the ozone layer, warmer temp the higher you go

Mesosphere

coldest layer in the atmosphere

Thermosphere

highest temperature, where aurora occurs