AP COMP SCI SUPER FLASHCARDS

decimal

the base 10 number system we use every day (0-9) used to translate binary numbers into human readable numbers.

Abstraction

the process of reducing complexity by focusing on the essential information and ignoring background details.

number base

the number of distinct digits used to represent numbers in a system like 2^5 and 10^5

ASCII

American Standard Code that uses 8 bits to represent 256 unique characters.

Unicode

an expanded character encoding system that uses 32 bits allowing for way more unique characters then ASCII

binary overflow

when the result of a binary calculation is too large to be stored in the available number of bits, causing an incorrect input.(often wrapping back to a negative number)

metadata

data about data, information used to describe the data(file size, resolution)

Resolution

the number of pixels in an image (width and length)

RGB

Red, Green, and Blue. An additive color model where each color is added to make new colors.

True color

the standard representation using 24 bits per pixel. (8 bits for R,G,B) allowing for around 16.7 million colors

Data compression

the process of reducing the number of bits to represent the data

lossless compression

A compression scheme where the data can go back to the original after being compressed

lossy compression

A compression scheme where some information is permently removed from the data to ruduce file size.

decompression

the process of restoring compressed data to its original decompressed state.

encryption

the process of converting readable data into an unreadable form using an algorithm and a key

Decryption

the process of converting cipher text back into plaintext using a key.

symmetric encryption

uses one single key for Both encryption and decryption. both the send and the receiver must know the shared secret key.

Asymmetric Encryption

uses a pair of keys a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption

digital divide

the unequal access to computers, the internet, and technology, leading to disparities in education, economic opportunity, and information

Record(row)

A single entity in a data set, containing all the related data for one item.

field(column)

a specific category of data that applies to every record

primary key

a special field in a data set that uniquely identifies each record. no two records can hav the same primary key value.

cloud computing

storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of on your computers hard drive.

data cleaning

the process of detecting correcting or removing errors and inconsistencies from a data set

invalid data

data that is structurally or logically incorrect a persons age is listed as 150, or a score is entered as a letter instead of a number.

data filtering

selecting and extracting a subset of data based on one or more criteria.

bias

a prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

analysis

the process of inspecting, cleaning, and transforming and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision making.

corelation

a relationship or connection between two or more fields of data

causation

the act of one event or variable directly causing another

outlier

a data point that is significantly different from other observations.

pattern

a regular and repeatable way in which a sequence of data or events occurs.

visualization

the graphical representation of information and data using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps

bar chart

uses rectangular bars to represent categories of data. best for comparing discrete, independent categories.

line chart

displays a series of data points connected by straight line segments. best for showing trends over time.

scatter plot

displays values for typically two variables for a set of data. best for showing the relationship or correlation between two variables.

key/legend

the element that explains the colors, symbols, or patterns used in a visualizations

Run length encoding

It goes from AAABBBBC

To 3A4B1C

IP

The Internet Protocol (IP) describes how to split messages into multiple IP packets and route packets to their destination by hopping from router to router.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

is the data transport protocol that's most commonly used on top of IP and it includes strategies for packet ordering, retransmission, and data integrity.

Datagram Protocol (UDP)

is an alternative protocol that solves fewer problems but offers faster data transport.

Parameter

A variable in a function definition. It acts as a placeholder for the data the function will use.

Argument

The actual value that is passed to the function when it is called

Procedural abstraction

The process of providing a name for a process and allowing a procedure to be used only knowing what it does.

Global scope

Variables declared outside of any function.

Local scope

Variables declared inside a function (usually with bar). Only the code inside that specific function can see or use them

Return value

Sends the final cost back to the main program to be subtracted from the global balance

Library

Is a collection of functions that can be shared between different programs

Libraries

Cannot have global variables that the main program interacts with. They must be self contained

Procedural abstraction

Giving a name to a complex process so it can be called without knowing the details

API

Tells you everything you need to know to use a library without looking at the code.

what its the first index when you are in java script

0

what is the first index when you are in AP Pseudocode

1

how do you see the last index in java script

list.length - 1

how do you see the last index in AP pseudocode

LENGTH(list)

how do you access syntax in Java script

list[0]

how do you access syntax in AP pseudocode

list[1]

what does Append mean

to add something to the end of a list

How do you append something in Java script

appenditem(list, value);

how do you append something in AP pseudocode

APPEND(list, value)

how do you insert something in Java script

insertItem(list, index, value)

how do you insert something in AP pseudocode

INSERT(list, index, value)

how do you remove things in Java script

removeList(list, index)

how do you remove things in AP psuedocode

REMOVE(list, index)

how do you update something in Javascript

list[index] = newValue

how do you update something AP pseudocode

list[index] ← newValue

how do you remove something in Javascript

removeItem(list, index)

how do you remove something in AP pseudocode

REMOVE(list, index)

what happens if you try to remove an item form a list that isn’t there.

It will result in an error

what are the three essential parts of a loop

Initialization, Condition, Iteration

What is initialization

A variable to start with

what is a condition

a test to see if the loop should keep going

what is a iteration

a way to change the variable so the condition eventually becomes false.

how do you increment in javascript

i = i + 1 OR i++

how do you increment in AP pseudocode

i ← i + 1

What is the accumalator pattern

We create a variable outside and and update it inside the loop

when can we use an if statement inside a loop?

to preform actions on certain numbers

if you are calculating an average do you divide by length inside or outside the loop

outside

what operator symbol is used to check if a number is even

Modulo % (it divides two numbers an gives you the remainder instead of the answer)

Does a “linear search“ stop as soon as it finds the item, or does it always check the whole list

is stops when it finds the item

what is the purpose of n

it tells how many times the code will run from the list and what value it will have for each time it runs [1,2,3,4,5] sum← sum +1 it will add all 5 numbers together.

how do you call for each item n in AP pseudocode

FOR EACH item in list

how do you call for each item n in Javascript

for (let n of list)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

it makes sure packets arrive in order and that nothing is lost (sending emails, loading a website)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

sends packets without checking it is faster because it skips some steps and try to get packets sent the fastest (video calling)

IP header

it tells the network how to deliver the packet

metadata

the data about the data (who sent it, who received it)

TCP header

it tells the receiver how to handle the data and makes sure the data is correct and in order.

DNS (Domain name system)

uses numbers instead of words to identify a website

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

the way data is sent between your browser and a website (when you open a website, your browser sends a request , the server responds with an answer.) Used to virtually every individual component.

scalable systems

a system that can grow bigger and still work well

parameter

a placeholder which is used in a function that is later filled out when the code is ran

argument

the actual value you put into a parameter

/

divide

% (mod)

finds reminder

string

things that are in quotes “______“

CONCAT

joins 2 strings together (no spaces)

procedure

a piece of code that does something when you call it

return values

the answer a function gives back after it runs