patho final

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory airway disorder with reversible bronchoconstriction caused by inflammation, mucus secretion, and smooth muscle contraction

COPD

Chronic obstructive disorder causing airflow limitation from mucus production, airway narrowing, and loss of alveolar recoil

Chronic bronchitis

Chronic mucus hypersecretion causing productive cough and airway obstruction

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli and lung elasticity causing air trapping and hyperinflation

Cystic fibrosis

Genetic disorder causing thick sticky mucus that obstructs airways and traps bacteria

Pulmonary embolism

Blood clot obstructing pulmonary circulation and decreasing gas exchange

Pulmonary hypertension

Increased pressure in pulmonary arteries causing strain on the heart

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary disease

Tuberculosis (latent)

TB bacteria inactive in body; no symptoms and not contagious

Tuberculosis (active)

Active contagious TB infection causing lung inflammation and systemic symptoms

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation around alveoli impairing oxygen transfer

Lung abscess

Pus-filled area of lung tissue destruction from infection

Graves disease

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing excessive T3/T4 production

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid causing hypothyroidism

Cushing’s syndrome

Excess cortisol/glucocorticoids causing hypercortisolism

Addison’s disease

Adrenal insufficiency causing low cortisol and aldosterone

Hypopituitarism

Decreased pituitary hormone secretion causing endocrine hypofunction

Hyperpituitarism

Excess pituitary hormone secretion often from pituitary adenoma

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

ADH deficiency/resistance causing excessive water loss and dilute urine

SIADH

Excess ADH causing water retention and dilutional hyponatremia

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells causing lack of insulin

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin resistance with impaired insulin secretion

DKA

Severe hyperglycemia with ketone production and metabolic acidosis from insulin deficiency

HHS

Severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketones

Hypoglycemia

Blood glucose below 70 mg/dL

Hyperparathyroidism

Excess PTH secretion causing elevated calcium levels

Hypoparathyroidism

Decreased PTH secretion causing low calcium levels

RAAS

Hormonal system regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and fluid retention

Lipoproteins

Transport lipids/cholesterol in blood; LDL contributes to plaque buildup

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in artery walls causing narrowing and decreased blood flow

STEMI

Myocardial infarction with ST elevation and full-thickness heart muscle injury

NSTEMI

Myocardial infarction without ST elevation but with cardiac muscle damage

Angina

Chest pain from transient myocardial ischemia

DVT

Blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in the leg

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count causing increased bleeding risk

Anemia

Decreased RBCs/hemoglobin causing reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

Sickle cell anemia

Inherited disorder causing sickled RBCs with shortened lifespan and vaso-occlusion

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing from impaired esophageal movement or obstruction

GERD

Reflux of stomach acid into esophagus due to decreased LES tone

Upper GI bleed

Bleeding in esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

Acute gastritis

Sudden inflammation of stomach lining from irritants/infection

Chronic gastritis

Long-term stomach inflammation commonly from H. pylori

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Erosion of stomach/duodenal lining from acid-pepsin injury

Crohn’s disease

Inflammatory bowel disease with patchy transmural inflammation

Ulcerative colitis

Continuous inflammatory disease affecting colon mucosal lining

Diverticular disease

Formation/inflammation of diverticula in intestinal wall

Mechanical bowel obstruction

Physical blockage preventing bowel contents from moving

Paralytic ileus

Loss of intestinal peristalsis causing bowel obstruction

Peritonitis

Inflammation of peritoneal membrane from infection or perforation

Malabsorption syndrome

Impaired absorption of nutrients in intestines

Celiac disease

Autoimmune gluten-sensitive disorder damaging intestinal villi

Hepatitis

Inflammation of liver commonly caused by viral infection

Hepatitis A

Fecal-oral viral hepatitis that does not become chronic

Hepatitis B

Blood/body fluid transmitted hepatitis that may progress to cirrhosis/cancer

Hepatitis C

Bloodborne hepatitis commonly leading to chronic liver disease

Hepatitis D

Defective virus requiring Hepatitis B for replication

Hepatitis E

Fecal-oral hepatitis similar to Hepatitis A

Cirrhosis

Chronic liver scarring causing impaired liver function and portal hypertension

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in abdomen from portal hypertension and low albumin

Esophageal varices

Dilated esophageal veins from portal hypertension prone to rupture

Liver failure

End-stage liver dysfunction causing impaired detoxification and clotting

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Labs evaluating liver injury, synthesis, and excretory function

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones formed from stagnant bile/cholesterol crystals

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of gallbladder usually from cystic duct obstruction

Acute pancreatitis

Premature pancreatic enzyme activation causing autodigestion

Chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatic inflammation/fibrosis causing permanent damage

Hypoglycemia

Diabetes fasting glucose

=126 mg/dL

Diabetes random glucose

=200 mg/dL

A1C diabetes

=6.5%

DKA glucose

250 mg/dL

HHS glucose

600 mg/dL

Sodium normal

135–145 mEq/L

Potassium normal

3.5–5.0 mEq/L

Calcium normal

8.5–10.5 mg/dL

Magnesium normal

1.5–2.5 mEq/L

pH normal

7.35–7.45

PaCO₂ normal

35–45 mmHg

HCO₃ normal

22–26 mEq/L

Urine output normal

=30 mL/hr