AP missed questions

How is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to another?

An impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft.

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

Saltatory Conduction

Axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contact the same neuron.

What Is Convergence?

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

What Is Contained Within the Epidural Space in the Vertebral Column?

The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

In meningitis (inflammation of the meninges due to infection), what structures would be inflamed and swollen?

Clear and watery

Describe the appearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

With a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, where has the blood accumulated?

Venous blood

What is found within the dural sinuses?

Interneurons

What is found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Rubrospinal tract

Which is a descending tract in the spinal cord?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscular movements

Cerebrum and diencephalon

The embryonic forebrain will give rise to what part(s) of the mature brain?

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Where is the primary motor area of the brain located?

Putamen

Which of the following is part of the basal nuclei?

Death of nervous system tissue due to blocked blood flow

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

Somatosensory cortex

What functional area is located in the postcentral gyrus?

Neurons originating in primary motor cortex that control skeletal muscles.

What are pyramidal cells?

Facilitate and help coordinate voluntary movement

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

Unconsciousness or coma

What might result from injury to the reticular formation?

Cervical plexus

The phrenic nerve arise from what nerve plexus?

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Which of these fibers types are typically adrenergic?

Activation of her sympathetic nervous system

On her way home from class, the driver in front of Caroline suddenly hits his brakes, startling her. She is able to brake in time to avoid an accident, but she finds that her heart is racing and her palms are sweaty. What type of response did she experience?

By blocking the action of acetylcholine

How does the drug atropine influence the activity of the autonomic nervous system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Long preganglionic neurons, short postganglionic neurons, and terminal ganglia are characteristic of what division of the nervous system?

Cells bodies of sensory neurons

What is contained in the dorsal root ganglia?

Perineurium

The fascicles of peripheral nerves are surrounded by what tissue layer?

Basal nuclei

A patient with Parkinson disease may have difficulty initiating voluntary muscle activity and exhibit slow movements due to pathological activity in which region of the brain?

Cerebellar peduncles

Via what structures do signals travel between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS?

Awareness of location where stimulus occurred

What is projection?

Free nerve endings

What type of structures are temperature receptors?

proprioception

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are receptors for ________

Vibrations are transmitted less effectively to the inner ear.

What occurs as a result of the tympanic reflex?

modified epithelial cells

Structurally, taste receptors are _______

In the spiral organ

Where are the receptors for hearing located?

Ciliary muscles contract

What causes the lens of the eye to thicken?

Because there are more rods than cones in this region

Why are images detected by the lateral retina blurry?

rhodopsin into retinal and opsin

In the rods of the retina, light stimulates the break-down of the visual pigment ________

Optic nerve → optic chiasma → optic tract → thalamus → optic radiations → visual cortex

What is the correct order of segments of the visual pathway?

conductive deafness

Violet has a condition in which her auditory ossicles have fused together. As a result, she exhibits ___

on taste hairs

The sense of taste requires that molecules bind to receptor proteins located _______

sour; bitter

Acids in foods stimulate __________ receptors while alkaloids (including strychnine and nicotine) stimulate __________ receptors.

Direction of motion

What is detected by the hair cells in the semicircular canals?

Lamellated corpuscles

What type of receptor is responsive to vibration, heavier pressure, and stretch?

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

What is the order of structures through which light passes as it travels to the retina?

In the cochlear duct

Where is the spiral organ located?

Release of neurotransmitter

What is the immediate result of stimulation of the hair cells of the spiral organ?

basilar membrane

Hair cells of the spiral organ are located on the __________and depolarize in response to sound.

The radial muscles of the iris contact and the pupil dilates.

What happens to the muscles controlling the iris and pupil in low-light conditions?

Retina

Which of the following structures are NOT responsible for the refraction of light?

Retina

What structure is part of the innermost layer of the wall of the eye?