metal prenstation

• Only __ nonmetals exist, but they are biologically essential (O, C, H, N, P, S)

• Noble gases = most unreactive elements

General Properties

• more electronegative then metals

• Form:

  • __ compounds with metals

  • __ compounds with other nonmetals

• Physical states:

  • __: C, S, P, I

  • __: Br

  • __: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, noble gases

25

ionic

covalent

solids

liquid

gases

• Most abundant element in the universe

  • colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous, formed after big bang

• Exists as:

  • ¹H (protium) – most common

  • ²H (deuterium)

  • ³H (tritium, radioactive)

Types of Hydrides

• __ (saline) – Group 1 & 2 metals except Be

  • white, high melting point solids, s block

• ___(molecular) – nonmetals

  • p block, volatile, low melting point

• __ (metallic) – transition metals

  • formed by heating transitions metals in H2, black , powdery

Production of Hydrogen

• mixture of co2 and h2= water gas

• production form oil refineries

• Electrolysis of water

• Metal + acid reactions

hydrogen

ionic

covalent

interstitial

group 1

Main Points

• Most __ metals

• Never found free in nature

• Obtained by electrolysis

Key Reactions

• React violently with __:

  • Produce H₂ gas + metal hydroxide

• Reactivity increases __ the group

• Only __ reacts with N₂

Other Notes

• Strong __ agents

• Form __ compounds

• Form __ (Li₂O, Na₂O₂, KO₂)

• can even reduce the hydrogen in __

alkali metals

reactive

nature

electrolysis

water

down

Li

reducing

ionic

oxides

water

____ (Group 2) Main Points

• Reactive, but less than Group 1

• Form basic oxides and hyroxides, from CA, SR, and BA

• Found in minerals (limestone, dolomite)

Important Concepts

• __ of calcium is stored in your bones and teeth

• __ is in your blood and soft tissue-helps contraction

• __ used for producing glass for tv

• __=machinable metal-electronic, bleaches, dyes, fireworks, well drilling

• __- radioactive, natural in rocks solids, ground water, 224, 226, 228

reaction

• __ does not react with water

• __ burns in air

• __ reacts with

• __ may ignite in air

__ compounds are very toxic

alkaline earth metals

less

basic hyroxides

minerals

99%

1%

barium

radium

Be

Mg

Ca

Ba

beryillium

Group 13 (___) Oxidation States

• Usually __

• Heavier elements show __

  • __ the tendency to from cations two unit lower in charge then expected due to different energies of valance p and s electrons

Key Elements

• ___

  • Metalloid

  • __ oxides

  • __ retards the spread of a flame

  • made domestically in __

• Aluminum

  • Most __ metal in crust

  • Light, strong, corrosion-resistant, ___-acid or base

  • becomes __ when exposed to air= wont rust

  • obtained through __: reverse rather than from rocks

    • US has largest production

boron family

+3

+1

inert pair effect

boron

acid

boric acid

California

aluminum

abundant

amphoteric

passivated

hall process

Carbon & Group 14 Carbon

• Exists as ___ (diamond, graphite)

• Forms __ bonds (unique ability)

Important Compounds

• CO – toxic

  • not an acidic oxide

  • burns readily in o2 to from co2

• CO₂ – non-toxic, used in beverages

  • when solid __

Special Structures

• Fullerenes (C₆₀)

Trend

• Metallic character __ down group (Si → Pb)

lead based paint hazard in houses- mainly found in older homes

• primary pathway of lead posining in young children

allotrope

multiple

dry ice

increases

Carbides & Cyanides

• Carbides CaC₂:

  • Very hard (e.g., SiC)

  • strong Bronsted __

    • __ carbides

    • __ carbides

    • interstitial carbides

• Cyanides CN:

  • Extremely __ (bind to iron in enzymes)

  • used in extraction of __

• noble prize for buckminsterfullerene

  • __ C60 and named for American architect

base

toxic

gold

bucky ball

(Group 15)

• 78% of atmosphere

• Important compounds:

  • NO- paramagnetic

  • NO₂ (toxic gases)-laughing gas

    • highly toxic __ gas

  • __: mixture of 1: 3 ratio of HNO₃ to HCL

    • will oxidize gold

Ammonia (NH₃)- most important compound of group 15

• Weak Bronsted __

• strong __ base

• Very __ in water

• Important in __

Nitric Acid (HNO₃)

• Used in —— and —

  • fertilizer bomb parked in truck

• — liquid that boils ay 83 Celsius

__ produced by reduction of nitrates with hot metal

• soluble in water, mildly toxic, used to cure meat, ___

nitrogen family

78%

yellow brown

aqua regia

base

Lewis

soluble

fertilizers

fertilizer and explosives

colorless

nitrites

carcinogen

Phosphorus

greek- light bringer

__ most abundant element in the body

obtained from __, mineral from of calcium phsopahte

• white from the condensed vapor and red from striking a match

• Found in __ rocks

• Exists as allotropes:

  • __ phosphorus (reactive) (P₄)

  • __ phosphorus (stable)(P₈)

Environmental Impact

• Causes ___:

  • __ blooms

  • Low __

  • __ of aquatic life

contains two metalloids: __

phosphate

second

phosphate

white

red

As and Sb

eutrophication

algal

oxygen

death

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po

have the appearance and some physical properties of meatal but behave chemically like a non metal

metalloids

(Group 16)

• ___

• also know as ___

• Ozone (O₃) is reactive- blue gas

• found in __ ores and copper

• liquid=pale blue

• gas = colorless

Sulfur

• Found in __ & gases

• Forms:

  • SO₂, SO₃

  • H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)

Sulfuric Acid

• Most important __ chemical

• Properties:

  • Strong __

  • __ agent

  • __ agent

  • colorless, corrosive, oily liquid

oxygen family

paramagnetic

chalcogens

copper

minerals

industrial

acid

dehydrating

oxidizing

(Group 17) Key Traits

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

• Highly reactive ___

• Very __- decrease from fl to I

• “Salt formers”

• HF has a high Boling point -hydrogen bonding

Trends

• Reactivity __ down group

• oxidation state -1 to +7

• Acid strength:

  • HF < HCl < HBr < HI

Uses

• HF → etching __

• HCl → __ processes

__: iodine astaine

__: bromine

__: fluorine chlorine

halogens

non metal

toxic

decreases

glass

industrial

solid

liquid

gas

glass

(Group 18) Main Points

• Very ____ (full electron shells)

• Some compounds exist mainly __ with fl and o2

  • powerful fluorinating agent and xenon oxides are powerful oxidizing agents

Special Property

• Liquid helium → __ at very low temps

• __: the ability to flow without viscosity

noble gases

unreactive

xenon

superfluidity

CaCo₃xMgCO₃

dolamite

CaCo₃

limestone, calcite, chalk

3BeOxAl₂O₃×6SiO₂

beryl

Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH

hydroxyapatite

tooth enamel

Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

fluorapatite

floride to protect teeth

N₂O

laughing gas

NH₃

ammonia

HNO₃

nitric acid

Sb₂S₃

stibnite

As₂S₄

orpiment

As₄S₄

realgar

PbS

Galena

HgS

Cinnabar

FeS₂

pyrite

ZnS

sphalerite

CaSO₄2H₂O

gypsum