Cycles unit 8

Simpson diversity index math

-add up everyone in that species

-divide each amount by the total species number to get lots of numbers and square it

-add up all the numbers

-subtract by 1

nitrogen cycle

convert unusable nitrogen into usable forms to circulate through atmosphere and help create dna and protein

nitrogen fixation

nitrogen fixing bacteria converts nitrogen gas from the air into ammonia or ammonium in soil

ammonia

NH3

Ammonium

NH4+

Nitrogen gas

N2

Nitrate

NO3

Assimilation in nitrogen cycle

ammonia and nitrates can be taken up by plants and used to make important biological molecules like dna and proteins

Can pass to other living things through food webs

Nitrification

nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate NO3 by adding oxygen

Ammonification

When organisms die and decompose, it returns the nitrogen back to the soil as ammonia

Ammonia is

key fertilizer component and vital source of nitrogen for plants

Denitrification

in order to complete the cycle the nitrogen gas needs to get back into the air

Done by denitrifying bacteria which convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

Reservoirs for nitrogen cycle

Atmosphere is the largest one

Soil

Human impact on nitrogen cycle

Fossil fuel combustion

Fertilizer

Sewage pollution

Phosphorus cycle

forms dna, rna, and atp

Phosphorus is found in

earth crust

Sedimentary rocks that contain phosphate minerals

How an where do dissolved phosphates (PO 4 3) go

rocks erode and wearier and they enter the soil and travel via rivers to the ocean

What produces the phosphate needed to produce organic compounds necessary for survival and growth

Primary producers or photosynthesizing organisms

How is the phosphate acquired in organisms returned to the soil or water

animal excretion and decomposition of dead organisms

Main reservoir for phosphorus cycle

sedimentary rocks of marine origin

Soil

Human impact on phosphorus cycle

mining And transporting in fertilizers

Deforestation (soil erosion)

Carbon cycle

Carbon atoms travel between atmosphere oceans, soil, rocks, and living organisms

photosynthesis

plants take in co2 and use it to make sugars like glucose

CO2 and sun=sugar and o2

cellular respiration

these carbon compound can be broken down by plants to produce atp, respiration produces co2 and releases it back into atmosphere

Sugar and oxygen=co2 and energy

Decomposition

when organisms die or produce wastes ,decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down the carbon compounds

Causes co2 to release into atmosphere

Combustion

the process of burning things

Releases co2 into atmosphere

Largest reservoir for carbon cycle

sedimentary rocks

Atmosphere

Human impact on carbon cycle

burning fossil fuels (adds co2)

Deforestation

Ocean acidification

Hydrologic cycle

h20 changes states

Evaporation

Change of state from a liquid to a gas

Water absorbs sunlight and increase energy and turns into water vapor

Transpiration

the evaporation of water from plants through stomata

Condensation

process where water vapor is changed into a liquid state

Atmosphere condensation may appear in clouds or dew

Precipitation

when tiny condensation particles grow too large for the rising air to support and fall to earth in rain, hail, snow, etc

Largest reservoir for hydrologic cycle

oceans

Surface water

Human impact hydrologic cycle

deforestation (reduced transpiration)

Urbanization

Hydrologic cycle elements

evaporation

Transpiration

Condensation

Precipitation

Carbon cycle elements

photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Decomposition

Combustion

Nitrogen cycle elements

fixation

Assimilation

Nitrification

Ammonification

Denitrification

Phosphorus cycle elements

Weathering and erosion

Primary produces

Decomposition

Excretion

N2

Unusable form of nitrogen