Pharm Chem Final

Please, define the therapeutic effects of the following compounds: (3 points)

Al(OH)₃

NaNO₂

NaHCO₃

Al(OH)₃

Antacid to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia

NaNO₂:

Effective blood vessel dilating actions. Vasodilator.
Only the organic esters are used.
Antidote in cyanide poisoning

NaHCO₃ — Adjusting pH, oral antacid, acid indigestion, heartburn, metabolic acidosis, diarrhea, drug overdose, alkalinizing urine

Write down the names and chemical formulas of at least two inorganic antiseptic or disinfective agents.

Mercury (I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂

Mercury (II) chloride, HgCl₂

Name, usages/indications

Phenobarbital

Sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic

Name, usages/indications

Thebaine

Stimulatory effects

Name, usages/indications, adverse effects

Paracetamol

Analgesic, antipyretic, used for flu, headache

Adverse effects: Serious skin rashes, liver failure

What happens in the following reaction? What is the significance of this reaction in general?

Enantiomers of Levomepromazine are separated

Significance: Obtain a single enantiomer

What is the difference between dextromethorphane and levorphanol? Explain their relationship and the difference in their effect. Draw their structures as well.

Relationship: Enantiomers

Dextromethorphane: Potent antitussive without narcotic effects

Levorphanol: 5 x more potent analgesic than morphine (+ adverse effects)

Draw Adrenaline

Caffeine structure and use

Use: Reduce physical fatigue and restore mental alertness

Draw the structure of tricyclic antidepressants; their basic structure, their monomeric structure and give 2 examples of drugs with their structure and use

Structure, synthesis, use, and side effects of Paracetamol

Analgesic, antipyretic, used for flu, headache

Adverse effects: Serious skin rashes, liver failure

Name, group, and use

Name: Disulfiram

Group: Sedative and hypnotic

Use: Support treatment of chronic alcoholism

Name, group, use

Name: Atropine

Group: Anticholinergic

Use: Binds to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to block acetylcholine

Name, Group, Use

Name: Hypoxanthine

Group: Purine

Use: Nucleic acid metabolism and uric acid formation

Methyl Salicylate (Draw it)

Glucuronide of morphine (Draw it)

Identify the structure of hydrocortisone and circle the parts of the compound responsible for its anti inflammatory effect

Draw Noradrenaline

Everything about Morphine

Pharmacological properties (this is also effects): Opioid analgesic that relieves severe pain by acting mainly on μ-opioid receptors, but it can cause respiratory depression, constipation, and addiction

Agonist: Morphine and its derivatives (morphinans) as well as other synthetic opioids

Production: Opium contains morphine. János Kabay developed a method to extract morphine from dried poppy plants using acid and base.

Morphine Antagonist: Naloxone. Draw Naloxone and state its usage/indications, and group (I already know this)

Draw 2 drugs for constipation

4 names and structures for Antacids

Name it

Tofisopam

Name it

Sulpiride

Aniline (Draw)

Hydantoin (Draw it)

Epinephrine (Draw it)

Which is the strongest analgesic between codeine, thebaine, buprenorphine. Draw the structure of codeine. Mark the groups needed for its analgesic effect. Mark the chiral centers.

Buprenorphine is the strongest.

Role of xanthine oxidase.

How is xanthine oxidase related to allupurinol?

Draw the structure of allopurinol.

Mode of action of allupurinol.
What type of drug is allupurinol?

Uric acid (Draw it)

Salicylic acid (Draw it)

Halothane (Draw it)

Acetylcholine (Draw it)

1,4-benzodiazepine (Draw it)

Everything about Phenobarbital

Structure Activity relationship: Phenobarbital’s activity depends on 5,5-disubstitution

Methadone: Draw, group, Use

Group: Phenylpropylamine derivative

Use: Analgesic, opioid maintenance therapy

Ketamine: Draw, Group, Use

Group: Non-barbital type intravenous narcotics

Use: Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia

Chlordiazepoxide: Draw, Group, Use

Group: Anxiolytic

Use: Anxiety, insomnia, withdrawal symptoms

Piracetam: Draw, Group, Use

Group: Nootropic

Use: Increases mental activity, concentration, alertness

Guanidine (Draw)

Propionic Acid (Draw)

Azide (Draw)

Thiophene (Draw)

Butanal (Draw)

β-Lactame (Draw)

Nitroso group (Draw)

Tetrazole (Draw)

Purine (Draw)

Carbonic acid (Draw)

Name it

Schiff base (imine)

Name it

Formic acid

Name it

Oxirane

Ethylene oxide

Name it

Carboxylic acid anhydride

Name it

Alcoholate

M = Na Sodium Alcoholate

Name it

Formaldehyde

Name it

Amide

Amide bond

Peptide bond

Name it

Cyclopentane

Name it

Disulfide

Name it

Benzoyl

Name it

Diclofenac

Name it

Diethyl Malonate

Name it

Procaine

Name it

Barbituric acid

Intravenous anaesthetics. Write the synthesis of one of them.

The structure of ephedrine. Mark the chiral atoms of the structure. How many optical isomers has ephedrin? What is its main medical use?

How many optical isomers has ephedrin? 4.

What is its main medical use? Vasoconstrictive action in colds, flu, rhinitis, allergic disorders.

What is DOPA (with structure) and what is it used for?

What is DOPA: Precursor of dopamine

What is it used for: To treat Parkinson’s disease

Circle the following groups in the molecules

Options:
A. Piperazine
B. Allyl
C. Cyclopropyl
D. Dihydrofuran
E. Amide bond
F. Carbonyl group
G. Secondary amine
H. Thiol
I. Ether
J. Phenol

Please, define the therapeutic effects of the following compounds:
N₂O:
Li₂CO₃:
AgNO₃:

N₂O (Nitrous oxide):

-Used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects

Li₂CO₃:

-Useful in bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder

-Protein kinase C inhibitor

AgNO₃:

-Antiseptic in dilute solution

-Cauterizing agent

Write down the names and chemical formulas for at least two antacids.

Calcium carbonate, CaCO₃
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)₃

What are the names of the following molecules? Write down the usage/indications of these molecules in brief.

What does racemate means and how can we separate a racemate?

-What does racemate mean? A 50:50 mixture of 2 enantiomers.

-How can we separate a racemate? Using a chiral resolving agent to form diastereomers, then split them by crystallization or chromatography.

Name it

Cocaine

Name it

Acetylcholine

Name it

Pyridine

Name it

Epinephrine

Amphetamine. Structure and biological action, its use in medicine.

-Biological action: Modulates the behaviour of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.

-Use in medicine: Treats ADHD in children under 12, narcolepsy, obesity, hypnotic overdose, athletic performance enhancer cognitive enhancer

The structure and synthesis of diclofenac. What it is used for, which family of drugs it belongs to?

Use: Reduce inflammation + pain

Family: NSAID

The two structural types of local anesthetics, with examples. Explain briefly their mode of action.

-Aminoamides (benzocaine, procaine), metabolized in liver

-Aminoesters (cocaine, lidocaine), metabolized in plasma

Name it

Metamizole Na

Draw the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid from the salicylic acid, and explain therapeutic effects and side effects

Name the molecule and its therapeutic effect

Carbidopa (Alzheimer's)

Inhibits dopa decarboxylase in the periphery, preventing conversion of levodopa to dopamine

Name the molecule and its therapeutic effect

Allopurinol (Gout topic)

Decreases high blood uric acid

Name the molecule and its therapeutic effect

Diclofenac sodium (NSAIDS)

Reduce inflammation and pain

Write the reaction for the breakdown of acetylcholine

Write the reaction for the breakdown of dopamine by MAO

GABA (Draw it)

Serotonin (Draw it)

Methyl Acetate (Draw it)

Propofol (Draw it), and group

Group: Non-barbital type intravenous narcotics

Naloxone (Draw it), and also group

Group: Morphine antagonists

Draw Nitrazepam, use, and group

treatment of insomnia

Group: Benzodiazepine

Draw Imipramine HCl, use, and group

Major depression, management of narcolepsy, nocturnal enuresis in children

Group: Tricyclic antidepressant

What are glucornidess?

What they are: Glucuronides are substances formed when the body attaches glucuronic acid to drugs

Why important: They help the body remove drugs and toxins in urine.

Name, group, use of Mg₂Si₂O₈ · xH₂O

Name: Magnesium trisilicate

Use: Used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcers

Group: Antacid

Name, group, use of K₂SO₄

Name: Potassium sulfate

Use: Osmotic laxative

Group: Inorganic drug

Name, group, use

Name: Indomethacin

Use: Used in the case of joint diseases, headaches, and Patent ductus arteriosus (birth defect of the heart)

Group: NSAID