chem 107 - organic chemistry : john waggenspack

carbon forms ?

4 bonds

hydrogen forms?

1 bond

nitrogen forms?

3 bonds

sulfur and oxygen form?

2 bonds

halogens form?

1 bond

alkanes form?

single bonds

combustions for alkanes

all alkanes burn

alkanes end in

-ane

alkyl ends in

-yl

alkyl halide prefixes

F=fluoro, Br=bromo, Cl=chloro, I=iodo

combustion reaction in alkane

burn in the presence of oxygen to give CO2 and H2O

substitution for alkanes

one or more hydrogens are replaced by one or more types of atoms

cycloalkanes

alkanes in which carbon atoms are arranged in a ring

cyclo comes before

parent chain

compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas

isomers

2 different compounds with different chemical and physical properties

isomers

alkenes form?

double bonds

shape of alkene

planars

alkenes end in

ene

important rules for naming alkenes

parent chain must contain double bond; double bond is numbered as the smallest possible locant

which hydrocarbon(s) are saturated?

alkanes

which hydrocarbon(s) are unsaturated?

alkenes and alkynes

hydrogenation of alkenes

react with hydrogen in the presence of finely divided metal catalyst (Ni, Pd, Pt)

halogenation

halogens are added to the double bond to produce saturated compounds

hydration

alkenes react with H20

markovnikov's rule

the hydrogen adds to the carbon of the double bond with the greater number of hydrogens

2 types of steroisomers

cis and trans

alkyne ends in

yne

hydrogenation of alkenes

the addition of hydrogen

alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes belong to

aliphatic

carbon atoms are linked in open chains rather than rings

aliphatic compounds

aromatic hydrocarbons are called

arenes

aryl group

one derived from an arene by the removal of a hydrogen

compounds whose molecules have a hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon

alcohol

alcohols end in

-ol

primary

1*

secondary

2*

tertiary

3*

primary alcohol

hydroxyl carbon (the one with the -OH) is attached to ONE other carbon

secondary alcohol

the hydroxyl carbon is attached to 2 carbons

tertiary alcohol

the hydroxyl carbon is attached to 3 carbons

ethers formula for naming (systematic)

stem name + oxy + parent chain (end in -ane)

preparation of aldehydes

oxidation of a primary alcohol

aldehydes and ketones end in

-al and -one respectively

in aldehydes, where do the functional groups sit?

always at position 1

ketones require _____ only if isomeric positions are possible

locants (2-pentanone)

formula for naming a carboxylic acid

alkane, alkene, or alkyne minus the final e + -oic acid

in carboxyl acids, where do the functional groups sit?

always at position 1

carboxylic esters

replacement of an -OH group in a carboxylic acid by an -OR group (where R=alkyl or aryl)

esters end in?

-ate

synthesis of ester

esterification

amines

organic compounds related to ammmonia (NH3)

amines are classified as ?

1*, 2*, 3*

naming amines (systematic)

adding suffix amine to end and drop the final e of parent chain

amides

the -OH group has been replaced by nitrogen

naming amides

replace ending of the name of the corresponding acid (ic acid or oic acid) with amide