AP Bio DNA and Protein Synthesis

Griffith

Discovered that some material can be moved from one cell to another

Avery Macleod

Discovered that the transforming principle is dna

Hershey chase

Discovered that dna is the genetic material

Chargoffs rule

A=T and G=C

How is chargoffs rule used?

Can be used to estimate the number of bases in dna when only one is known

DNA

Double helix

Backbone of dna

5 sided sugar (depxyribose) and phosphate group

what makes a nucleotide

Sugar phosphate and nitrogenous base

What are the directions of dna

DNA runs 3 to 5, primes are determined by the sugars

Anti parallel

Two dna strands run parallel, but in opposite directions

Purine bases

Adenine and guanine

How many rings does purine have

2 carbon rings

Pyrimidine bases

Thymine and cytosine

How many rings does Pyrimidine have

1 carbon ring

Base pair rule

Adenine pairs with thymine 2 hydrogen bonds

Cytosine pairs with guanine 3 hydrogen bonds

Leading strand

Replicates dna continuously towards the replication fork

Lagging strand

Replicates dna in small pieces (Okazaki fragments) away from the replication fork

Helicase

Unwinds dna

DNA polymerase III

Adds nucleotides to new strands

Ligase

Connects pieces of dna when finished

DNA polymerase II

Replaced primers with dna

primase

Creates RNA primers, is a starting point for replication

DNA code

TAC

mRNA code

AUG

Amino acid

Met

What are the enzymes involved in transcription

RNA polymerase- unzips dna and adds RNA nucleotides

First step of transcription

Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter

Second step of transcription

Elongation- RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides in 5-3 direction

Third step of transcription

Termination- RNA polymerase reached the termination sequence, mRNA is released

DNA vs RNA (dna)

deoxyribose, AGCT, double strand

DNA vs RNA (rna)

Ribose, AGCU, single strand

What type of RNA is mRNA

Messenger RNA

What type of RNA is tRNA

Transfer RNA, has anticodons

What type of RNA is rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

A site

tRNA enters the ribosome with the next amino acid

P site

tRNA gives its amino acid to the Polypeptide chain

E site

Now empty, tRNA leaves the ribosome

What are the two major types of mutations

Chromosome and gene

Substitution mutation

One nucleotide is replaced

Frameshift mutation

One nucleotide is added or taken away

Silent mutation

No change to amino acid

Missense mutation

Change in amino acid

Nonsense mutation

Change in amino acids to premature STOP

Define DNA transformation

Moving DNA from one source to anothr