Classics Final Exam

Lysander

the Spartan commander Lysander (454-395 BCE) helps to win/finish the war and adopts an aggressive foreign policy (vs traditional ideas in Sparta). The Battle of Aegospotami (405 BCE) is the last; Athens loses most of its rebuilt navy, ~180 ships, and 4-5K men captured and killed.

The Thirty Tyrants of Athens

from Sept. 404- May of 403 BCE, a special oligarchy set up in post-Peloponnesian War. Led by Critias, an aristocrat who was pro-oligarchic/ anti-democratic and was trained in the Athenian philosophical and rhetorical schools (pupil of Socrates; relative of Plato). Property is seized, the opponent is imprisoned, exiled, and 1,500 people killed, citizenship is restricted to around 3,000 people (out of 21k), and Sparta stationed 700 soldiers in Attica

Ousting the Thirty Tyrants

403 BCE, Thrasybulus led pro-democracy exiles and metics from refuge in Corinth, Megara, and especially Thebes against the Spartan-backed Thirty Tyrants; despite being outnumbered they captured the Piraeus, forced the Thirty to flee to Eleusis, benefited from delayed Spartan aid and internal Spartan disagreement, put the Thirty on trial, granted amnesty to most other oligarch supporters, rebuilt the Long Walls, and restored Athenian democracy.

Trial of socrates

socrates was tried in one day for asebeia (impiety), possibly for political reasons connected to anti-democratic tensions after the peloponnesian war; described in Apology and Crito, Socrates used his questioning method instead of a traditional legal defense, criticized reliance on popular opinion and possibly democracy itself by valuing expert judgment over majority rule, nearly convinced the jury to acquit him, but ultimately made mistakes that led to his condemnation and execution.

The corinthian war

395-387/6 BCE: a series of wars centered around Corinth in which Sparta fought a coalition including Athens, Corinth, Thebes, the Boeotian League, Argos, Euboea, and Chalcidice, showing widespread resistance to Spartan hegemony after the Peloponnesian War; during the conflict the Theban/Boeotian League developed a more federal style of rule with representative institutions and shared coinage, Athens received Persian funding to rebuild its fleet, and the Long Walls were reconstructed. ended with the Kings Peace 387BCE

Boeotian League

6th century BCE, Thebian dominance, Thebes represented all of Boeotia

Theban Hegemony

371-362 BCE, when city state Thebes displaced Sparta as dominant military and political power in Greece

Battle of Leuctra

371 BCE, Led by Thebian generals Epaminondas and Pelopidas, Major Spartan defeat on land in typical hoplite fighting ends Spartan hegemony

Sacred Band of Thebes

elite military unit in Ancient greece, 150 pairs of male lovers, 378 BCE

Epaminondas

410-362BC, brilliant Thebes general and statesman, liberated enslaved population

Ethnē

tribal structure, people live in villages and some people are semi-nomadic

Hetairoi

King’s entourage, both advisors and bodyguards

Argead/Temenid Dynasty

Centralized control of wealth within royal family, total control of military, total control of military, total control over land and who owns what, Trace ancestry to Argos and the grandson of Herakles

Royal Hunts

martial training and public displays of leadership and divine, Heraclean courage. Kings/elite nobles track boars, stags, lions on foot

Vergina

The royal burial sites, Tumuli burials, artificial mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or chamber. King Phillip 2, father of Alexander the Great is buried here

Pella

capital of Madeon in Greece and birthplace of Alexander the Great

Philip II

382-336 BCE, r 359 until death, Son of Amyntas 3 and Eurydice. Spent time in youth in Thebes as a political hostage where he spent time with Epaminondas. Unified Macedonia and reformed army (calvary, light armor, and general loyalty)

Isocrates

436-338BCE, From wealthy family, grew up during Pelop. Wars. Logographer (writing law speeches for others). To Philip issues pamplhet in 346 urging phillip to invade Persia

Sarissa

massive pike speak introduced by Philip 2. primary weapon of the phalanx

Demosthenes

385-322 BCE. Athenian tatesman, logographer and orator. Three speeches against Philip encouraging Athens to resist/revolt from Macedonian rule. Pro democracy

Macedonia Invades Greece Part 1

in mid 350s Northern greece involved in Third Sacred War

Philip takes Amphipolis in 357 BCE

-amphipolis was Athenian colony with wealthy gold and Silver mines

Macedonia Invades Greece Part 2

Olynthos (allies with Athens) sacked in 348

Peace treaty between Athens and Philip attemped in 346

-this is useless and never enacted. Philip declares war on Athens in 340

Chaeronea

Battle in 338BCE. Thebes and Athens defeated. Philip’s son Alexander leads companion calvary to victory

When did Philip 2 come to power

359BCE

What battle was Lysander involved in and when?

Battle of Aegospotami. 405 BCE

What did Thrasybulus do and when?

Led the revolt against the Thirty Tyrants (Critias was leader of that) in 403

When did Socrates die

399BCE, trial in 399 as well

When was the King’s Peace

387/6 BCE. this ended the Corinthian war

When was Theban Hegemony

371-362BCE

What did Epaminondas do and when?

Won battle of Leuctra in 371.

When was the battle of Amphipolis?

357 BCE. Amphipolis was wealthy Athenian colony with lots of precious metals

When was the battle of Olynthos?

348 BCE. Colony was sacked by Athens

When was the Peace of Philocrates

346 BCE.

When was the battle of Chaeronea

338 BCE. Thebes and Athens defeated. Philip’s son Alexander leads companion calvary to victory