Ap human vocab unit 6 part 2

Functional zones

Areas of a city that are used for different purposes, like living, working, or shopping.

central business district

The main part of a city where most businesses, offices, and shops are located.

bid rent theory

The idea that land closer to the city center costs more because more people want it.

commensal relationship

A relationship where one group benefits from another, and the other is not helped or harmed.

residential zones

Areas of a city where people live (houses, apartments, neighborhoods).

concentric zones model

A model of a city that shows it as circles spreading out from the center, with different areas (like business and housing) in each ring.

sector model

A model of a city where different areas spread out in wedges (like slices of pie) from the center.

harris and ullman multiple nuclei model

A model of a city with several centers (nuclei) instead of just one main downtown area.

peripheral model

A model of a city where growth happens on the outskirts, with edge cities (business areas) forming around the main city.

galactic city model

A model of a city where multiple business centers grow along highways outside the main downtown, forming a “sprawling” city pattern.

edge cities

Small cities or business areas that grow on the outskirts of a larger city, with jobs, shopping, and offices.

mosque

A building where Muslims go to pray and worship.

citadel

A strong fortress built inside or near a city to protect it, often used as a last defense.

suqs

Traditional markets in Middle Eastern cities where people buy and sell goods.

griffen ford model

A model of Latin American cities showing a central CBD, surrounded by a market zone, then residential areas, with wealthier people often living farther out.

commercial spine

A main line of shops, businesses, and services that extends outward from a city’s center.

mall

A large building or area with many stores where people shop, eat, and spend time.

periferico

A ring road that goes around a city(traffic move around city center)

shantytowns

Poor neighborhoods on the edge of cities

favelas

Informal settlements in Brazil

disamenity zones

The poorest and most unsafe parts of a city

traditional CBD

The original downtown area of a city

colonial CBD

The central business district in cities that were once colonies, often built by European powers with planned streets and administrative buildings.

informal economy sector

Economic activity that is not officially regulated or taxed

periodic markets

Markets that are held on certain days instead of every day,

informal settlements

Areas where people build homes without official permission or planning

squatter settlements

Informal neighborhoods

McGee model

A model of Southeast Asian cities showing a mix of a small CBD, market areas, and surrounding informal settlements and industry along roads.

zoning ordinances

Laws that decide how land in a city can be used (housing, business)

urban planning

The process of designing and organizing a city’s land use, services, transporation

residential zones

Parts of a city where people

inner city

The older, central part of a city

residential density gradient

population density decreases as you move farther away from a city’s center.

filtering

housing in neighborhood declines has rich people leave and more poor people come in

invasion and succession

new group comes and in and gradually declines the original residents

urban infill

building homes on empty land in an already existing area

suburbanization of business

When businesses move from the city center to suburban areas

infrastructure

The basic systems and services a city needs to function

municipal

Related to a city or town government and its services (like trash collection or local laws).

annexation

when a city takes over nearby land or communities

incorporation

When a community becomes an official city or town

bedroom communities

areas where most people live but go to other areas for work.

unincorporated areas

Places that are not part of any city or town and are usually governed by a county or higher-level government.

public transportation

Shared travel services(buses, trains)

sustainabiltiy

using resources to not harm future generations

smart growth policies

planning rules that want reduce sprawl so they encourage compact, walkable, and efficient development.

greenbelts

Areas of open land (like parks or farmland) around a city where building is restricted to limit urban growth.

slow growth cities

Cities that limit how fast they grow

new urban design

A planning style that creates walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods(walkable)

mixed use neighborhood

An area where homes, shops, restaurants, and offices are all located close together.

urban infill

Building new homes or buildings on empty or unused land inside an existing city.

transit oriented development

Building homes, shops, and offices close to public transportation to reduce driving and encourage walking.

livability

How good a place is to live in, based on things like safety, housing, transportation, and quality of life.

quantitative data

Information that can be measured or counted, like population, income, or temperature.

population composition

The makeup of a population, including characteristics like age, gender, race, and income.

census tract

A small, defined area used by the government to collect and analyze population data from a census.

census block

The smallest area used in a census to collect detailed population data, usually a city block or a small rural area.

qualitative data

Information that describes qualities or characteristics, not numbers (like opinions, interviews, or observations).

redlining

A discriminatory practice where banks or governments denied services or loans to people in certain neighborhoods, often based on race.

racial segregation

The separation of people into different areas or facilities based on race, either by law or social practice.

blockbusting

A practice where real estate agents scared white homeowners into selling cheaply by saying minority groups were moving in, then resold the homes at higher prices.

ghettos

City neighborhoods where a specific ethnic or racial group is concentrated, often because of poverty or discrimination.

inclusionary zoning

A city rule that requires new housing developments to include some affordable homes for low- and moderate-income people.

scattered site

Housing that is spread out in different neighborhoods instead of being grouped in one large area, often used for public or affordable housing.

urban renewal

A process where cities redevelop old or run-down areas by rebuilding, improving infrastructure, or replacing buildings.

eminent domain

The government’s power to take private land for public use, usually with payment to the owner.

gentrification

The process where wealthier people move into a poorer neighborhood, raising property values and changing the area’s character.

informal settlements

Neighborhoods built without official approval or planning, often lacking basic services like water, electricity, and sanitation.

land tenure

The system of rules and rights that determines who owns or controls land and how they can use it.

zones of abandonment

Areas in a city where people and businesses have left, leaving buildings empty and conditions deteriorated.

environmental injustice

When certain groups (often low-income or minority communities) face more pollution and environmental hazards than others.

gated communities

Residential neighborhoods with controlled access (gates or security) that restrict who can enter.

urban canyons

Narrow streets in cities lined with tall buildings, making the area feel like a “canyon” and often trapping heat and pollution.

urban heat island

A city area that is hotter than surrounding rural areas because buildings and pavement absorb and trap heat.

urban wildlife

Animals that live in cities or adapt to urban environments, like pigeons, raccoons, or foxes.

rush hour

The times of day when traffic is heaviest, usually when people are commuting to or from work or school.

suburban sprawl

The spread of low-density development outward from a city into surrounding rural areas.

ecological footprint

The amount of land and resources needed to support a person, city, or population’s way of life.

brownfields

Abandoned or unused industrial or commercial sites that may be contaminated and need cleanup before reuse.

urban development

The process of building and expanding cities, including housing, businesses, and infrastructure.