Ecology 1108

Organismal

Individual choices of the animal

Population

Interbreeding; population size

Community

species interacting as groups

Ecosystem

Energy flow between organisms

Ecological Organization

Organismal, Population, Community, Ecosystem,

Ecology

Study of organism and their environment

Biotic

Interaction of living things

Abiotic

Interactions of nonliving and living

Scientific method

Observation, Hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, Acceptance or Rejection

Polar Areas

The sun hits at a oblique angle

Tropical areas

concentrated sun in the area

Hadley Cells

High Temp air rises; cool rainfalls

30 degrees N/S makes desserts (drier air)

30-60 degrees N/S= Temperate

Greenhouse effect

CO2 + CH4

Trapped producing heat= Humans made it worse

Coriolis effect

The curvature of objects or fluilds traveling long distances across earth (Earths rotation causes this)

Rainshadow effect

Moist air is forced on mountains, then cools, rain then leaves decscending air dry creating deserts

Population ecology

study pop size and change

Demography

Birth, death rates

Density

number of organisms per unit

Density dependent

Biotic Factors

Density independent

Abiotic factors

Surviorship

Individuals living to a certain age

Population type I

low fecundity, high parental care

Population type III

High early death, high fecundity, low parental care

Fecundity

How much offspring is produced

Semiplarity

Produce offspring in one event

Iteroparity

repeated reproductions through a lifetime

Logistical growth

Population slow growth (Resource limited)

Exponentail Growth

Rapid Population (Not resouce limited)

Carrying Capcity

Maxium population size an enviroment can take

**Enviroment pressures regulate population size**

Density- Dependent factors

Competetion, predation; more with population increase

Density Independent factors

Affect regularless of size, weather, natural disastor

R- Selected species

unpredectable enviroments; high fecundity, low parental, density indenpendent factors

K- Selected Species

Stable enviroments; Low fecundity, high parental, density dependent factors

Symbiotic Relationships

interactions between different species

Mutaulism (+/+)

Organismal benfit both

Commensalism (+/0)

One species is benifiting (other is a host)

Parasitism (+/-)

One benefits, kills the host

Competetion (-/-)

Rilvary between groups

Predation (+/-)

One organism consumes the organism

Ecological Niche

Spefic role speices plays in ecosystem

Resource partitionining

Different niches coexisting

Competive exclusion hypothesis

two species going after the same resource cannot coexist at a constant population

One has any slighest advantage over another the other one would go into extinction

Chemical Defense

Organism chemical attacks

Asposematic Coloration

Actucally dangerous

Cryptic Coloration

Blending in the enviroment

Batesian mimincry

Not actucally dangerou, mimics the real dangerous organism

Intimidation

making yourself bigger or appear bigger

Mullerian mimicry

Two species have simlar warning signs

Bottom-up control

lower trophic levels (plants)

** More prey than predators

Top-down control

Predators control the structure and population dynamic of lower trophic levels

**more predators than prey

Species richness

Total number of different speices in an area

Species eveness

the amount of a species in an area

Shannon Diversity index

the diversity of a species

Eltons diversity stability

Indepentent density factorsin species non-community are cushioned by large numbers versus less diverse community would be affected

Primary ecological succession

development occurs where there was bedrock, newly formed

Secondary ecological succession

Recovery and development from previous ecosystem destroyed

Indictor species

overall ecosystem health

Umbrella species

very large habitats; protect them protect many

Flagship species

single or large recongizable species

Keystone species

dispropate impact on the community

Foundation Species

Base/ bedrock of a community

Endemic species

Only found in specfic locations

Hot Spot

Contains 1500 > species plants

Lost 70% of it oringal habitat

34 hotspots in the world

Reserve Design

protect areas to conserve biodiversity

Landscape ecology

study spartial patterns on geographical areas

Habitat restoration

Rehabitaling intergating and biodiversity

Bioremediation

Usin mircorganisms to detoxify polluants from contaminated enviroments

Captive Breeding programs

Controlled enviroments to increase popullation numbers

Genetic Diversity

Amount of genetic variation with in between population

Species Diversity

The amount species in a community

Ecosystem Diversity

Structure in an ecosystem

Economically Dependent

on Plants, Animals, medience, mircoorganisms, healthy ecosystems, provide essential services like fliters

Ethical responisbilitiy to safe guard

Species- area relationship

Large habitats supports higher species richeness

Biodiversity stability, hypothesis (Eltons hypothesis)

Linear correlation species diversity and ecosystem (more diverse more stable and resistant)

Feild experiment

Move diverse plots had increase productivty, nutrients more effincently, ristance to invasive species

Community Function

Increase species richness improves overall community function

Extinction

perment loss of that species

Main causes of extinction

Introduced species, direct explotation, climate change

Human Growth impact

17th centry human growth cause animal extinctions

Threats to Biodiversity

Introduced species, overharvesting, habitat loss, climate change

Introduced species

Hawiian honey creeper died to malaria introduced mosquitoes

Direct exploitation

Passenger piegon hunter to extinction

Habitat destruction

Ivory- billed woodpeck extinct to habitat loss

Climate Change

Induced global warming cause 15-37% extinct by 2050

Interbreeding

Happens in smaller populations

Increases recessive homozygotes

decrease genetic diversity

decrease reproductive fitness

Iimited mating (effective pop size) number of individuals that contribute genes to future

Harem breeding structures

Only few dominant males breed have smaller EPS

Genetic Drift

Random change in allele frequenices

Small population= Decrease genetic diversity

Allele fixation

loss of genetic diversity

Idosynoratic hypothesis

Relationship between species richness and community services is random

Keystone hypothesis

Large Impact on enviroment relative to small population size

Redundancy hypothesis

Many organism provide the same role if one lost another species will compenstate that loss, creating ecosystem stability