Environmental and Global Health

the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors

environmental health

ability of the ecosystem to support the population

demographic entrapment

what are the major global health issues

non-communicable disease

climate change impacts

resistance

mental health

vaccine hesitancy

disparities

measles are on the rise due to

people non vaccinating

global burden of disease is measured in

disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

severe deprivation of basic human needs, safe water, basic sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information

absolute poverty

what is the biggest cause of death in children under 5

malnutrition

charaterized by:

wasting

emaciation

dry skin

loose folds

hunger

marasmus

characterized by:

edema

distended abdomen

skin and hair changes

irritability

anorexia

kwashiorkor

what do we assess for in malnutrition

mid-upper arm circumference (between 6-59 months)

weight-height index

presence of edema in absence of other causes

what is the ready to use therapeutic food for malnutrition

plumpy nut

complicated malnutrition requires treatment of

other comorbidities first

what are the other comorbidities associated with complicated malnutrition

dehydration

bacterial infections

hypothermia

fungal infections

what is provided while comorbidities are being treated

low protein/calorie/sodium NGT supplement

what is the greatest challenge associated with malaria

lack of robust, predictable and sustained international and domestic financing

what is the second challenge associated with malaria

biological: emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarials

mosquito resistance to insecticides

S/S:

severe anemia

cerebral coma

pulmonary edema

renal failure

hypoglycemia

shock

stroke

malaria in children

malaria in children often requires

blood transfusions

S/S:

sequestration of RBC

impaired O2 and nutrient exchange leads to:

abortion

stillbirth

low birth weight

premature delivery

placental malaria

vaccine preventable viral disease spread by droplet, airborne, and direct contact

measles

S/S:

rash starting on head and moving down body

high fevers

conjunctivitis

respiratory infections

measles

exposure of measles leads to

life long immunity

the measles vaccine is

85% effective at 9 months of age

what is the treatment for measles

vitamin A

antibiotics

erythromycin

fever control (prevent febrile seizures)

death of pregnant woman or within 42 days of pregnancy usually caused by hemorrhage, infection, eclampsia, unsafe abortion, obstructed labor

maternal morality

what is the treatment for maternal morality

malaria treatment

STD education

anemia screening

UTI treatment

screening for high risk pregnancy

what is the goal in the treatment of maternal morality

4 prenatal appointments

what are the challenges of the 21st century

population pressures

climate change

urbanization

health care industry

study of adverse effects of chemical, physical, biological agents of people, animals and the environment

Toxicology

toxicology takes a

multidisiplinary approach

helps to determine if exposure to an environmental hazard is harmful to death

environmental epidemiology

difficult to determine level of environmental exposure to cause

illness

what are the vulnerable populations affected by environment

children

pregnant women

poverty and food deserts

the unhealthy environment can cause what in children

asthma

acute resp. infection

ADHD

cancer

autism

I-PREPARE is a nurses

environmental health risk assessment

what does I-PREPARE stand for

Investigate potential exposure

Present work

Residence

Environmental concerns

Past work

Activities

Referrals and resources

Educate

what does the I in I-PREPARE stand for

Investigate potential exposure

what does the first P in I-PREPARE stand for

Present work

what does the first R in I-PREPARE stand for

Residence

what does the first E in I-PREPARE stand for

environmental concerns

what does the second P in I-PREPARE stand for

past work

what does the A in I-PREPARE stand for

activities

what does the second R in I-PREPARE stand for

referrals and resources

what does the second E in I-PREPARE stand for

educate

connection between people, communities, and surrounding environments that effects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values and customs

built environment

availability, volume, mineral content, toxic chemicals, pathogenic microorganism levels, balance between toxins and water

water quality

1.5 million children under 5 die from

diarrheal disease

second leading cause of death in kids

diarrheal disease

water/food borne illness causing acute diarrhea and can kill within hours if untreated

cholera

what is the treatment of cholera

80% treated with oral rehydration and antibiotics

some need IV fluids

zinc supplement 10-14 days

educate signs of worsening

what are the gaseous pollutants to air

sulfur dioxide

nitrous dioxide

particulate matter

lead

carbon monoxide

what is the nurses role in food safety

education about proper food storage

cooking

handling food

fertilizers and herbicides are

carcinogenic

created from DNA splicing

long term risks unknown and mat cause change in metabolic process

GMOs