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Scramble for Africa

The period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European nations from 1850 to 1910.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another; significant during the 1800s due to the facilitation of travel by steamships and railroads.

Urbanization

The process of increasing populations in urban areas as migrants settle in cities for work.

Japanese Industrialization

The process by which Japan became a formidable military power in the late 1800s by mimicking Western practices.

Indian Indentured Servants

Workers from India who were sent to British colonies in the Caribbean in the 19th century due to the abolition of slavery.

Anti-immigrant Prejudice

Negative attitudes and discrimination against immigrants that hindered their opportunities for advancement.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The historical trade of enslaved Africans to the Americas, which ended in the 19th century but ironically led to increased slavery within Africa.

Cash Crops

Crops such as tobacco, sugar, and coffee grown for export; often relied upon by colonized regions at the expense of food security.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers negotiated the rules for the colonization of Africa.

India's Cotton Production

India led the world in cotton production until England industrialized its textile industry in the 1800s.

Cultural Adoption

The process by which immigrants adopt the dominant culture of their new country.

Economic Commodities

Raw materials like cotton and palm oil that increased in demand following industrialization in Western Europe.

Meiji Restoration

The period of industrialization in Japan during the mid to late 19th century that contributed to its military expansions.

Natural Resources

Materials provided by nature that are essential for industrial production, sought after during imperialistic endeavors.

Social Darwinism

The belief that some ethnicities are superior to others, used by Western powers to justify imperialism and conquest.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where settlers, often forcibly sent by a state, occupied land; examples include Australia and New Zealand.

85% of Habitable Land

The estimate of the world's habitable land controlled by western powers by the end of the 19th century.

Economic Imperialism

A policy where one country dominates another's economy, controlling its resources and trade to benefit itself.

Colonization of Southeast Asia

Mainly focused on extracting natural resources like rubber and spices by European powers.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

The most powerful joint stock trading company from 1600 to 1900 that established Dutch influence in Southeast Asia.

Japanese Occupation

The control by Japan over Southeast Asia during WWII which weakened European colonial power in the region.

Independence

The condition of a nation being free from external control; many Southeast Asian nations gained independence after WWII.

Outlawing Slave Trade

The action taken by most Western countries in the early 1800s to ban the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Brazil and Cuba

Countries that continued the slave trade into the 19th century despite international bans, finally abolishing slavery in the 1880s.

Late 19th Century Migration

The movement of many Europeans to new lands due to overcrowding and the desire for land ownership.

Steamships and Railroads

Technological advancements that made travel easier and encouraged global migration during the 1800s.

Urban Areas

Population centers where many migrants settled, contributing to urban growth and development.

Rural Jobs

Agricultural or country-based employment that women took on while men migrated for better opportunities.