Bio A level stuff

Pathogen for malaria

Plasmodium: falciparum, malariae, ovale, vivax

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Outline the role of the IUCN in the conservation of species [3]

1. asses/categorise/rank, species, threat level/conservation status

2. refer to Red List (of threatened species)

3. influence/advise, countries/governments/policymakers

4. educate/raise awareness

5. promote sustainable use/management (of natural resources)

Explain how the structure of monoclonal antibodies allows them to be specific in their structure [2]

1. specific/different antigen-binding sites

2. (each mAb has) specific/different, tertiary structure/variable region/primary structure/sequency of amino acids

3. binding site and antigen have complementary shapes

Describe and explain features of ATP which make it suitable as the universal energy currency [4]

1 small / water-soluble, so can move around cell

2 loss of phosphate / hydrolysis, leads to energy release

3 (release energy) immediately / in small packets or ref. 30.5 kJ (molñ1)

4 can be, recycled / regenerated or ATP ⇆ ADP + Pi

5 link between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions / AW

6 high turnover / described

7 ref to ATPase ;

suggest and explain why it may be more appropriate to use enzyme replacement therapy (weekly intra-muscular injections) to treat SCID instead of a bone marrow transplant [3]

1 donor not needed ;

2 immediate effect ;

3 idea that easy to administer treatment ;

4 no immune response / no rejection ;

5 less invasive ;

6 AVP ; e.g. lower risk to health / cheaper / quicker

Outline the procedure used for gene therapy treatment of a person with SCID [4]

1 given a drug to increase number of stem cells (in bone marrow) ;

2 ref. to virus / vector, containing, normal / healthy, allele ;

3 remove, bone marrow / stem cells ;

4 mix stem cells with, viral / vector (to allow transfer of normal allele) ;

5 radiotherapy / drug, to make space in bone marrow / to kill stem cells (in bone marrow) ;

6 (transduced stem) cells, infused / injected, into blood ;

7 (lymphocytes) produce functioning ADA ;

Describe how the action of ADH on the cells of the collecting duct leads to the reabsorption of water in the glomerular filtrate

1 ADH, acts as / is, a cell signalling molecule ;

2 ADH binds to receptors ;

3 on cell surface membrane (of collecting duct cells) I activates G protein

4 cAMP / second messenger, produced ;

5 enzyme cascade / activation of kinase ;

6 vesicles / aquaporins, phosphorylated / activated ;

7 vesicles (with aquaporins) move towards cell surface membrane ;

8 aquaporins added to (cell surface) membrane ;

9 increases, cell / membrane, permeability to water ;

10 water moves out (of collecting duct), by osmosis / description ;

11 into, (collecting duct) cells / tissue fluid / blood ;