Bio II Lab Practical

Lab Practical Study Guide

Total Magnification

ocular lens (usually 10x) x magnification of objective lens

Step 1 for Focusing a Microscope

Start w/ lowest power objective and slowly bring stage up near the lens

Step 2 for Focusing a Microscope

Slowly lower using coarse knob

Step 3 for Focusing a Microscope

Use find adjustment for sharpness

Step 4 for Focusing a Microscope

Repeat with higher objectives

Examples of Eukaryotes

animals, plants, fungi, protists

examples of prokaryotes

bacteria, archaea

key features of eukaryotes

membrane-bound nucleus + membrane-bound organelles

key features of prokaryotes

lack a membrane-bound nucleus + lack organelles

eukaryotic DNA

linear DNA in nucleuspr

prokaryotic DNA

circular DNA free-floating in the cytoplasm

key features of plant and animal cells

nuclei, mitochondria, cell membranes

plant cell features

rigid cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

animal cell features

lysosomes and cytoskeleton

3 types/shapes of bacteria

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

cocci

sperical bacteriab

bacilli

rod bacteria

spirilla

spiral bacteria

definition of protist

eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

definition of protozoa

heterotrophic, single-celled protist

definition of algae

photosynthetic protist

relationship between protozoa and algae

both are types of protists

what group are amoeba, paramecium, and closterium

protist

amoeba movement and feeding

pseudopodia

paramecium movement and feeding

mova via cillia, feed via oral groove

closterium movement and feeding

move using wall secretions, photosynthetic

amoeba kingdom

amoebozoa

paramecium kingdom

alveolatac

closterium kingdom

archaeplastid

features of planaria

bilateral symmetry, eyespots, auricles, pharynx

what eyespots are used for

photoreceptionw

what auricles are used for

chemoreception

what pharynx is used for

feeding

what is planaria nervous system comprised of

ganglia + nerve cords

kinesis

non-directional movement in response to stimulust

taxis

directed movement toward or away from a stimulus

thigmotaxis

poking planaria with toothpick

phototaxis

shining flashlight

rheotaxis

swirled currents with toothpick

chemotaxis

food and NaCl water

planaria regeneration

able to generate fully from tiny fragments

vertebrate regeneration

can only regenerate a limited amount

neoblasts

specialized stem cells responsible for regeneration

pluripotent cells

can become any cell type

multipotent cells

cannot become any type of cell, restricted

mouth

part of foregut

esophagus

part of foregut

stomach

part of foregut

small intestine

part of midgut

large intestine

part of hindgut

rectum

part of hindgut

anus

part of hindgut

digestion moves from

foregut, midgut, hindgut

mouth in digestion

saliva secretes amylase to begin breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars

esophagus in digestion

uses peristalsis to move food downard from mouth to stomach

stomach in digestion

digestion continues in a low pH environment using enzymes like pepsin, where mechanical (churning) and chemical digestion occurs

small intestine in digestion

further breakdown occurs and nutrients are absorbed

large intestine in digestion

processes waste. before release

example of chemical digestion

use of enzymes such as amylase or trypsin to break down molecules into subunitsm

example of mechanical digestion

physical manipulation such as teeth grinding and stomach churning

peristalsis

the contractions that move food through the esophagus

epiglottis

acts as a valve that closes over the larynx during swallowing, directing food, and liquid into the esophagus and preventing choking

duodenum

first segment of small intestine, chemical digestion

jejunum

second segment of small intestine, nutrient absorption

ileum

third segment of small intestine, nutrient absorption

proteins, fats (lipids), carbohydrates

macromolecules tested in lab

amylase

breaks down carbs

trypsin

breaks down proteins in small intestine and pepsin in stomach

lipase

breaks down lipids

where amylase is found

found in mouth, produced in pancreas

where trypsin is found

produced in pancreas + works in small intestine

where lipase is found

produced in pancreas + works in small intestine

pH and temperature

affect the activities of enzymes

what pH does pepsin work

~2pH in stomach (acidic)t

what pH does trypsin work

~7-8pH in small intestine (basic/neutral)

where is bile found

produced in liver + stored in gallbladderb

bile

emulsifying agent to break down large lipid droplets into smaller ones, making them accessible to lipasee

emulsification

the process of breaking up insoluble lipids into small droplets distributed through water to form an emulsion

control group for digestion experiment

water

independent variables

enzyme used, pH level, temperaturede

dependent variables

change in color of indicator, time

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail/back of body

ventral

toward the front/belly

dorsal

toward the back

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the side, away from the midline

superior

above/higher

inferior

below/lower

proximal

closer to the point of attachment/trunk

distal

further from the point of attachment/trunk

external

toward the surface

internal

deep inside

head/shoulder group

temporalis, masseter, mylohyoid, deltoid

temporalis & masseter

elevate the mandible (close the mouth)

mylohyoid

covers the throat; raises the floor of the mouth to close it

deltoid

abducts the forelimb

trunk group

pectoralis major, rectus abdominus, external/internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, longissimus dorsi, gluteus

pectoralis major

connects the coracoid to the humerus; pulls the arm toward the chest

rectus abdominus

covers the abdomen; flexes the vertebral column