history sem 2 study guide

North

build railroads and factories, was against slavery, and wasn’t really a thing, and was the start of the modern industrial economy.

South

mainly agricultural so they are pro slavery because they need people to do the work, and the economy was based on cotton production.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This 1854 law created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing settlers to decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violent conflicts known as "Bleeding Kansas."

Election of abraham

Lincoln in 1860 was a pivotal moment in American history, leading to heightened tensions between the North and South, ultimately resulting in the Civil War. The South felt targeted because Lincoln was against slavery.

Union

North, Blue uniforms, higher population, offense, had money to fight

Confederacy

South, gray because they had no money for uniforms, defense, Military leadership was superior, Less $$$ and fewer transport abilities

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery,14 million enslaved people are free

14th Amendment

grants people citizenship & equal protection of laws

15th Amendment

Right to vote for all men

Neg. parts of reconstruction

Sharecropping (enslived without bondage), Rise of the KKK, removal of military districts, Jim Crow laws. + Poll Taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses had to do with voting rights

Pos. parts of reconstruction

Reunification of the former Confederate States, Freedmen's Bureau (jobs, education, food, shelter), Military districts created by radical republicans to ensure rights for newly freed African Americans

EFFECTS of the Transcontinental Railroad

1869 completion. led to growth in trade and business, also increased conflict with native american tribes, leading to war, the closing of the American frontier, and the end of Manifest Destiny.

Rise of industry

Gilded Age - steel, oil, railroads, banking. 2nd industrial revolution. 1870 - 1900. Rise of new technologies. Millions of new immigrants. US gov. Allowed for unregulated growth. Labor unions.

What is a monopoly?

a monopoly is a market structure where a single firm or entity dominates the supply of a product or service, limiting competition and often leading to higher prices and reduced consumer choice.

Rockefeller

Robber Baron. Monopolies in Standard Oil, aggressively drove competitors out of business and controlled 90% of oil refineries. Unfail tactics, He engaged in horizontal integration and utilized secret, discounted shipping rates from railroads that disadvantaged smaller competitors. Labor Exploitation. He frequently cut wages and prioritized corporate profits over the well-being of his workers.

Andrew Carnegie

Captain of Industry. Industrial Innovation revolutionized steel production, making mass production affordable and accessible. Economic Growth. His company built bridges, railways, and skyscrapers. Massive Philanthropy donated about 90% of his fortune to build public libraries, fund scientific research, and establish institutions like the Carnegie Corporation of New York

JP Morgan 

Captain of Industry. Famously used his vast wealth to stabilize the U.S. economy during major financial crises. Created the first billion-dollar steel company. Edison Electric Company. Reorganizing failing railroads to create shorter trips

Comelius Vanderbilt

Robber baron. Predatory Pricing, he drove rivals out of business by undercutting fares. Ruthless Takeovers. In the railroad industry, he engaged in ruthless tactics to force competitors to sell. Political Manipulation: He frequently used bribes and lobbied politicians to secure favorable regulations and eliminate competitors.

Push/Pull factor

Push: Famine, lack of religious freedom, lack of opportunity, poor leadership.

Pull: Freedoms within the constitution, job opportunities, and freedom of movement.

Old immigrants

Irish and germans

New immigrants

Chinese, Greeks, Italians, Russians, Poles, Balkans

Nativism

Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Urbanization (issues/concerns)

UNPREPARED GROWTH OF CITIES. Good: Job opportunities, new technologies, cultural alcoves. Bad: Unsanitary living conditions, crime, fire, lack of water, spread of diseases

Child labor (explain)

Child labor was a large problem. they would send childen into the mines and factories, often working long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay.

Work regulations (explain)

Work regulations are laws and guidelines established to ensure safe and fair working conditions for employees, often addressing issues such as minimum wage, working hours, and employee rights.

City safety (explain)

City safety was bad. Disease spread because of the uncleanliness and lack of space due to the increase of populations from immigrants.

Imperialism

Imperialism refers to the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means. It often involves the domination of one nation over another in economic, political, or cultural spheres.