Personality Theories Chapter 13

What is the difference between the inductive and deductive method?

• Inductive → start with data, no assumptions (Cattell, McCrae & Costa)

• Deductive → start with a hypothesis, then test it

What is factor analysis?

A statistical method used to group related traits based on correlations.

What is a correlation coefficient in factor analysis?

A measure of how strongly two variables are related.

What are factor loadings?

The strength of the relationship between a trait and a factor.

What is the goal of factor analysis?

To reduce many variables into a smaller number of core personality factors.

What is a unipolar trait?

A trait measured from zero to a high level (only one direction).

What is a bipolar trait?

A trait with two opposite ends (e.g., introversion ↔ extraversion).

What is orthogonal rotation?

A method where traits are independent (not correlated) — used in the Big Five.

What is oblique rotation?

A method where traits are allowed to correlate (overlap).

What are basic tendencies?

Biologically based traits (Big Five) that are stable over time.

What are characteristic adaptations?

Learned behaviors, habits, and skills shaped by the environment.

How is self-concept viewed in Five-Factor Theory?

It is a type of characteristic adaptation (beliefs about yourself).

What is objective biography?

Everything a person does, thinks, and feels across their life.

What are external influences?

Environmental factors that interact with traits to shape behavior.

What determines behavior in Five-Factor Theory?

The interaction between:

• Traits (basic tendencies)

• Environment (external influences)

Why are there fewer factors than original variables in factor analysis?

Because related variables are grouped together into broader factors.

What is the difference between core and peripheral components?

• Core → traits, adaptations, self-concept

• Peripheral → biology, environment, life experiences

What is the role of biological bases in personality?

They are the genetic and physiological foundation of traits.

How do characteristic adaptations and external influences work together?

They interact to shape a person’s actual behavior (objective biography).

What is the key contribution of McCrae & Costa’s theory?

It provides a structured, research-based explanation of personality using the Big Five.