US History Semester 1 Review

Long-term Causes of the Civil War

-Sectionalism

-Slavery: Differing economic needs/reliance on slavery in the South

-Extension of Slavery

-States' Rights

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state; sale of slaves banned in D.D.; Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 enacted; rest of Mexican Cession territory open to slavery based on popular sovereignty.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Divisive act introduced by Stephen Douglas, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by applying popular sovereignty to both the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision stating that Scott did not have the right to sue for his freedom, the the was not a citizen but rather property of another person; decision repealed the Missouri Compromise

Ostend Manifesto

An attempt to expand US territory; pushed for Spain to sell Cuba to the US for $120 million in 1854. At that point Cuba was already a slave territory. The document was declared unconstitutional due to the Fugitive Slave Act; therefore Cuba did not become a territory

Freeport Doctrine

Idea by Stephen Douglas during a debate with Lincoln, that the residents of a territory could still ban slavery despite what the Supreme Court decided with Dred Scott.

Emancipation Procolamation

Lioncoln's announcement that all slaves in those states still rebelling would be freed. DID NOT free states in the border states that were loyal to the Union

Gettysburg

July 1863 battle that was the turning point in the war. South never advanced into the North again

13th Amendment

Outlaws slavery in all states and all lands governed by the United States

Gettysburg Address

Short speech given by Lincoln to honor Union losses at Gettysburg

14th Amendment

Granted full citizenship to African Americans and full protection under the law

15th Amendment

States that no one can be denied suffrage based on race or color

Radical Republicans

Group of republicans who believed the south should face punishment for the Civil War and that African Americans should be given full political and civil equality. Gained power in Congress and was able to push through "congressional reconstruction"

Black Codes

Laws written by Southern states (each state was slightly different) that were based on slave codes from the past. Prevented freedman from voting, holding office, serving on juries, etc. Helped spur the creation of the 14th amendment.

Sharecropping

System of agriculture used in the South with former slaves. Farmers would give a portion of their crops to the landowners in exchange for use of the land.

Debt peonage

Also called debt slavery. Land or business owner forces a worker to payoff a debt with work-think sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Workers were often unable to re-pay the debt, and find themselves in a continuous work-without-pay cycle.

Carpet bagger

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to take advantage of the unstable social, financial, and political climate.

Hiram Rhodes Revels

First African American in Congress. He was appointed by the Mississippi state legislature to fill an empty senate seat

Jim Crow Laws

Laws passed in the South after reconstruction that required racial segregation. Many of these laws lasted until the 1960's

The Nadir

Time in the South when racism in the country was at an all-time high. African Americans lost many of the civil rights gains made during Reconstruction. Anti-black violence, lynching, segregation, legal racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy increased.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Groups that believe in white supremacy. Were formed in the South to terrorize African Americans. Helped enforce the Jim Crow laws and keep African Americans "in their place"

Homestead Act 1862

Encouraged western migration by promising settlers 160 acres of land for $1.25 an acre after improving it for six months or for free if they farmed it for five years.

Reservation System

Land set aside for Native American tribes by the government. Native Americans were required to stay on their land. Usually the land was undesirable and unlike the land the tribe was used to living on.

Dawes Act 1887

Passed by Congress to "Americanize" the Natives Americans. Each adult male was allowed to claim 160 acres of reservation land as his own private property-led to mass sell-off of reservation land. Threatened the survival of Native American culture.

Grange

Group formed to provide social and educational gatherings for isolated farm families. By 1870's, m most of their time was spent fighting the railroads

Granger Laws

Series of laws passed in several midwestern states that shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular.

Populism

Political movement created out of the farmers alliances. Supported: graduated income tax, regulated banks, increased in the money supply, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines, eight-hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and voting reforms.

Farmers Alliance

Groups formed to educate farmers about topics such as interest rates on loans and government control of banks and railroads

Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1894

Passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers. It required the government to purchase almost twice as much sliver as before, and added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. It threatened to undermine the U.S. Treasury's gold reserves. After the panic of 1893 President Cleveland called a special session of Congress and serried the repeal of the act.

Cross of Gold

Impassioned speech given by William Jennings Bryan (democrat). Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a cross of gold-helped gain him the support of the populist party.

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

Reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activites and established an interstate commerce commission (ICC) to carry out the act. Created over p unblock pressure - railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little completion. The ICC was not effective since it lacked little power.

Railway Innovators

George Pullman - Inventor of the sleeping car

George Westinghouse-Inventor of the railway air brake, which stops all cars of a train at the same time.

Bessemer Process

Cheap and efficient way to produce steel. Developed independently by Henry Bessemer (in Britain) and William Kelly (in America) around 1850. Cheaper steel makes it possible for more railroad tracks, suspension bridges, massive engines, and skyscrapers

Thomas Edison

Inventor of many things including phonograph, lightbulb and motion pictures. He had a home in Fort Myers.

Communicative Inventors

Samuel Morse - Inventor of the telegraph

Alexander Graham Bell - Inventor of the telephone

Made instant communications possible even over long distances.

African American Inventors

John Albert Burr - Rotary-blade lawnmower

Jan Ernst Matzeliger-machine that attaches the upper and lower parts of a shoe

Lewis Howard Latimer-improved method for producing carbon filaments used in light bulbs

Madam CJ Walker-cosmetic products

Business Monopoly

When a company has total control over an industry. Many were formed in the late 1800's because of the government's laissez-faire attitude. Companies use the theory of Social Darwinism to justify their unfair business practices.

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Law passed by Congress making it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries. Language was vague, limiting it's effectiveness

Social Dawinism

Believe that the successful superior talents that allowed them to thrive. Used to justify the need for free competition and little government regulation in the economy.

Knights of Labor

Nationwide labor union created in 1869 that was open to all workers. Supported an 8 hour workday and equal pay for equal work. Saw strikes as a last resort. Fell apart after the failure of a series of strikes.

American Federation of Labor

Labor union of skilled workers created by Samuel Gompers in 1886. Focused on collective bargaining. Used strikes as a major tactic.

Haymarket Riot 1886

3000 people gathered to protest police brutality against striking workers. As a crowd was leaving, someone threw a bomb into the police line. Police fired on the protesters. Starts to turn the public against labor unions (the Knights of Labor specifically).

Child Labor

Used in textile mills and coal m Ines especially; paid less than adults; By 1910 1 out of every 5 children under 15 years old was working outside the home

Homestead Strike 1892

Strike by steelworkers after the company's president announced plans to cut wages. Turned violent when the company tried to hire strikebreakers-state militia is called in to restore order. Continues to turn the public against labor unions.

Pullman Strike 1894

Strike by railroad workers in and around Chicago refusing to operate passenger trains that used Pullman sleeping cars. Shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic in the West. Army had to break up the strike and violence broke out in many cities. Strike began when nearly 4000 Pullman factory employees began to strike in response to recent reductions in wages.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law banning Chinese immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers for a period of ten years. The act was periodically renewed and not repealed until 1943.

Genteleman's agreement

Japanese government's agreement to limit emigration off unskilled workers to the US in exchange for the repeal of San Francisco's segregation order that had separated Japanese children and put them in a separate school.

Social Gospel Movement

An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. Called on governments, churches, and private charities to work together to help people in need.

Settlement Houses

community centers established in "slum" neighborhoods to provide services for immigrants and the urban poor. Services included health care, child care, education and help with obtaining naturalization. By 1910, about 400 existed. Helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.

Political machine

Powerful groups that controlled the activities of apolitical party in a city. Gained votes and financial support by offering help to voters and businesses. Helped solve urban problems, but were susceptible to corruption.

Muckrakers

Writers who exposed the abuses and corruption of society. Usually caused public outcry for reform.

Examples: Upton Sinclair - Meatpacking industry; Ida Tarbell - Rockefeller's ruthless business practices.

Meat Inspection Act

Regulated the meatpacking industry (until the 1990's)

Pure Food and Drug Act

halted sale of contaminated food and medicines called for truth in labeling

National Women's Suffrage Association

Group founded in 1869 by Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for rights for women.

Great Migration

movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest and West that lasted up until the 1960's. The first migration (1910-1930), numbered about 1.6 million who left mostly rural areas to migrate to northern industrial cities.

Henry Flagler

Industrialist who built many hotels along Florida's Gold Coast and built a railroad from Jacksonville, FL all the way to Key West (Florida East Coast Railroad). Railroad helped transport agriculture, supplies, laborers, tourists, and settlers in Florida.

Vertical Integration

Business strategy where a company controls the raw materials, manufacturing, and distribution of the finished product.

Horizontal Integration

Business strategy where companies producing similar products merge.

Imperialism

Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. For America, there was a desire for military strength, a thirst for new economic markets, and a belief in cultural superiority.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Book written by Alfred Thayer Mahan - an influential imperialist thinker. Pushed for a stronger naval fleet, canal through Panama, colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean to serve as naval bases, and greater trade with East Asia.

Yellow Journalism

Technique for selling more newspapers by sensationalizing and exaggerating news events to lure and enrage readers.

Spanish American War

War brought by a desire to help Cuban rebels gain independence from Spain, preserve journalism. Ends after 4 months with treaty of Paris-Spain frees Cuba, gives Guam and Puerto Rico to US and sells the Philippines to the US

Teller Amendment

Amendment to the war resolution that authorized the Spanish-American war. Ensured that the US would not annex Cuba after the war.

Florida's Role in the Spanish-American War

Cuban immigrants in Florida supported the Cuban revolutionaries. As war grew more certain, the industrialist Henry Plant pushed of troops to be based out of Tampa. Army Headquarters were established in his Tampa Bay Hotel and camps were set up around Tampa.

Anti-Imperialist

Americans who opposed imperialism. Some believed it was immoral and went against the basic values of democracy. Some feared economic consequences - cheap labor leading to lower wages, some feared conflict with other imperial powers.

Platt Amendment

Provisions the US required the Cubans to adopt into their new constitution before we would remove US troops after the Spanish-American War. They stated that Cuba could don't go into a debt it could not pay, the US reserved the right to intervene, and the US could buy or lease land on the island of naval and refueling stations.

Open Door Policy

Created by US Secretary of State Hay in 1899 when he sent letters to other imperialist nations proposing equal trading rights for all nations throughout China. After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay announced the US would oppose any attempts to divide up China.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Peace treaty negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt between Russian and Japan. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

Panama Canal

Canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the US created a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Construction was difficulty - cut through hills and jungle; mosquitos carrying malaria and yellow fever required draining of swamps; had to rebuild the railway to transport construction equipment.

Big Stick

Roosevelt's foreign policy based on a proverb that said "speak softly and carry a big stick"

Roosevelt Corollary

Added the Monroe doctrine, basically saying that the US would now use force to protect it's economic interests

Causes of WWI

Militarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

Alliances

Lusitania

British liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915 killing 1200 people on board including 128 Americans.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America in 1916 after President Wilson threatened to sever ties, STOP UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

Zimmerman Telegram

intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico promising the lost territory of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona if Mexico allied with Germany against the US

Selective Service Act

Passed in 1917 requires men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.

African Americans in WWI

400,000 served in the armed forces - more than half in France. Served in segregated units and were excluded from the navy and marines.

War Industries Board

Regulated the economy during the war-encouraging businesses to use mass-productions and standardize products. Prices and profits increased.

Committee of Public Information (CPI)

Government propaganda agency created to promote the war to the American public

War Bonds

Also known as liberty bonds. Way to pay for the war, American public purchased them to prove their patriotism.

Espionage Act

1917 law creating procedure for detecting and imprisoning spies. Government could sensor the mail and arrest for interfering with the draft. Led to the Schenck v US - Supreme Court upheld limits on free speech when a clear and present danger is evident.

Sedition Act

1918 law against disloyal or abusive language against the government, flag, or constitution.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for peace: first five points to prevent another rwar: no secret treaties, freedom of the seas of all, foster more free trade, reduction of arms, and consider the interest of colonial peoples. Next eight deal with boundary changes. Last is the creation of the League of Nations. Allie leaders wanted to impose a harsher treaty on Germany.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty creates 9 new nations, shifted other boundaries, barred Germany from maintaining an army, required Germany to take the blame for the war, and pay reparations ($33 billion) to the allies. Creates many new problems - humiliates Germany, excludes Russia, ignores colonized peoples' claims for self-determination.

Big Four

Leaders from US, Britain, France and Italy who worked out the treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Domestic Consequences of WWI

Strengthened the US military and the power of the government. Accelerate social change for African Americans (great migration) and women (over 1 million in the work force). Intensified anti-immigrant , anti radical sentiments.

Florida in WWI

42,000 Floridians served in the military during the war. Contributed by providing food, timber, technology, ships and training during gate war. Race relations worsened as Africa Americans returned home from the war and pushed for change to segregation policies.

Demobilization

Transition process where a nation at war returns to a state of peace. Factories must convert to peacetime production, agriculture demand dimities, soldiers need to find jobs, and African Americans and women who filled empty jobs are suddenly pushed out by those returning soldiers.

Red Scare

Fear of communist revolution in America. Led to the Palmer Raids - government hunted suspected communist, socialists, and anarchists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists. Arrested for robbery and murder in 1920-case stirred up controversy since many thought their trial was unfair due to the men's radical beliefs and because they were immigrants. Both men were convicted and executed.

Fordney-McCumber Act

1922 new tariff that was signigificanty higher than before-theory was it would protect US manufacturers and their workers.

Dawes Plan

American plan to loan Germany @2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France, so they could pay the US back for the way. Partly caused by US high tariffs-making it impossible for Britain and France to repay us without looking to collect their reparation from Germany. Causes resentment from everyone involved.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Corruption scandal involving the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall. He was secretly leasing federal oil reserves to private companies in return for cash gifts.

Quota System

Set up in 1921 to control the number of immigrants who could enter the US from each foreign country due to the prevailing nativist attitude "Keep America for Americans"

Discriminated against those from eastern and southern Europe. Did not allow any Japanese immigration.

KKK Revival

Organized on a national scale devoted to 100% Americanism. Grew larger than they were after the Civil War-dominated state politics in many states. Against African Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics, unions, immigrants, and voting rights for women.

Rosewood Incident

African-American community in Florida that was burned to the ground and some of its residents killed by white residents from neighboring towns. In 1980's Rosewood survivors and their descendants were compensated by the Florida State government - first time a state had ever voted to compensate victims of racial violence.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

National Prohibition Act-established Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury department to enforce the 18th amendment.

NAACP (National Association of the Advance Placement of Color People)

Founded in 1909 to urge African Americans to protest racial violence and fight for legislation to protect African American rights.