Med Term Ch. 8

pulmono

lungs - brings oxygen into the body, and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

pneumo / pneumono

lungs - brings oxygen into the body, and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

alveolo

alveoli- Air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood.

broncho/bronchio

bronchi - Transports air from the trachea into the lungs.

tracheo

trachea - Transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi.

epiglotto

epiglottis - Closes off the trachea during swallowing.

layrngo

larynx - Makes speech possible.

pharyngo

pharynx - Transports air back and forth between the nose and the trachea.

sinuso

sinuses - Produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound production.

naso

nose - Exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air.

larynx

one function of the respiratory system - Produce the airflow through the __that makes speech possible.

upper respiratory tract

the __ consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

lower respiratory tract

the __ consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. These structures are located within and protected by the thoracic cavity

thoracic cavity

the lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. These structures are located within and protected by the _

airway

The upper respiratory tract and the bronchial tree of the lower respiratory tract are sometimes referred to as the __

nasal cavity

Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the __, which is the interior portion of the nose. The nostrils are the external openings of the nose.

nasal septum

the __ is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections.

septum

A __ is a wall that separates two chambers.

cilia

__, the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris.

mucous membranes

__ line the nose. These specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system.

mucus

__ is a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues. In the nose, it helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters

olfactory receptors

the __ are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. They are also important to the sense of taste. These are located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity.

tonsils, adenoids

The __ and _ are part of the lymphatic system. They help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth

palatine tonsils, adenoids

The __ are located at the back of the mouth. The __ are higher up, behind the nose and the roof of the mouth.

palatine tonsils

the tonsils are also referred to as the

nasopharyngeal tonsils

the adenoids are also referred to as

paranasal sinuses

The __, which are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull

sinus

A __can be a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue; however, the term [//] most commonly refers to the paranasal [//].

sinuses

the function of the ___ are -

(1)

to make the bones of the skull lighter,

(2)

to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice, and

(3)

to produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity.

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid

The sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via short ducts. The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located on either side of the nose and are named for the bones in which they are located. they are —

frontal

the __ sinuses are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. An infection here can cause severe pain in this area.

sphenoid

the __ sinuses, which are located in that bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision.

maxillary

the __ sinuses, which are the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in those bones under the eyes. An infection in these sinuses can cause pain in the posterior [//] teeth.

ethmoid

the __ sinuses, which are located in those bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone.

pharynx

the __, which is commonly known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food.

nasopharynx

the __ is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth. this portion is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx

oropharynx

the __ is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth. it is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx

laryngopharynx

the __ is also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Air, food, and fluids continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus.

larynx

the __, also known as the voice box, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea

thyroid cartilage

The larynx is protected and supported by a series of nine separate cartilages. The __ is the largest, and when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat and is commonly known as the Adam’s apple.

adam’s apple

the thyroid cartilage is also known as the

larynx

the __ contains the vocal cords. During breathing, the cords are separated to let air pass. During speech, they close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing the cords to vibrate against each other.

trachea, esophagus

The respiratory and digestive systems share part of the pharynx. During swallowing, there is the risk of a blocked airway or aspiration pneumonia caused by food or water going into the __ and entering the lungs instead of going into the __.

soft palate, epiglottis

Two protective mechanisms act automatically during swallowing to ensure that only air goes into the lungs: the __ and the __

soft palate

the __, which is the muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx. This prevents food or liquid from going up into the nose

epiglottis

simultaneous with the protective movement of the soft palate, the __, a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs.

trachea

the role of the __ is to transport air to and from the lungs. This tube, which is commonly known as the windpipe, is located directly in front of the esophagus.

trachea

The __ is held open by a series of flexible C-shaped cartilage rings that make it possible for the [//] to compress so that food can pass down the esophagus

primary bronchi

The __ are two large tubes which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs. Because of the similarity of these structures to an inverted tree, this is referred to as the [//] tree

bronchioles

Within the lung, each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller __, which are the smallest branches of the [//]

alveoli

__, also known as air sacs, are very small, grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. this is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Each lung contains millions of [//]

air sacs

alveoli are also referred to as __

bronchioles

During respiration, the alveoli are filled with air from the __.

capillaries

A network of microscopic pulmonary __ surrounds the alveoli

alveoli

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inside the __ and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries occurs through the thin, elastic walls of the [//].

surfactant

The alveoli produce a detergent-like substance, known as a __, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs. This makes the alveoli more stable so they do not collapse when an individual exhales.

lobes

The lungs, which are the essential organs of respiration, are divided into __

right

the __ lung is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower

left

the __ lung has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body.

mediastinum

is the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs. This cavity contains connective tissue and organs, including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and lymph nodes

pleura

the __ is a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

the __ is the outer layer of the pleura. It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung. it is attached to the chest wall

visceral pleura

the __, which is the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs.

pleural space

the pleural cavity is also known as the __

pleural cavity

the __ is the thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. The fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration.

diaphragm

the __ is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible.

thoracic diaphragm

the diaphragm is also known as the __

phrenic nerves

the __ stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract

respiration

__ is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life. A single [//] consists of one inhalation and one exhalation

ventilation

__ is another word for moving air into and out of the lungs.

contracts

during inhalation, the diaphragm __ and pulls downward, causing the thoracic cavity to expand

relaxes

during exhalation, the diaphragm __ and moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to contract

inhalation

__ is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. This action causes the thoracic cavity to expand. This creates negative pressure within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs.

exhalation

__ is the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower. This action creates positive pressure, forcing air out of the lungs

external respiration

__ is the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide

alveoli, carbon dioxide

As air is inhaled into the __, oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes (red blood cells) to all body cells. At the same time, __ that has passed into the bloodstream is transported into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled.

internal respiration

__, also known as cellular respiration, is the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues.

In this process, oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the cells.

The cells give off the waste product carbon dioxide, which passes into the bloodstream.

The bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is expelled during exhalation.

cellular respiration

internal respiration is also known as __

otolaryngologist

a __ is a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck

pulmonologist

a __ is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

respiratory therapist

a __ is a licensed medical professional who specializes in treating patients who are having difficulty breathing, both in hospital and outpatient settings.

thoracic surgeon

a __ performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

__ is a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out. Most often caused by long-term smoking, it is generally permanent and progressive.

chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Most people with COPD suffer from two related conditions: __ and __

chronic bronchitis

__ is a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells results in excessive mucus production and thickening of the walls of the air passages. This causes chronic coughing, difficulty getting air into and out of the lungs, and increased risk of bacterial lung infections.

emphysema

__ is the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Emphysema is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of these remaining alveoli.

barrel chest

In emphysema, as the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, and difficult. In an effort to compensate for the loss of capacity, the lungs chronically overinflate, and the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time, resulting in a slightly rounded shape called a __

asthma

__ is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction. An attack is characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

wheezing

__ is a breath sound caused by a partially obstructed airway. The frequency and severity of asthma attacks are influenced by a variety of factors, including allergens, environmental agents, exercise, and infection.

airway inflammation

__ is the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. This usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens.

bronchospasm

__ is a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

__ is the narrowing of the airways that develops after 5 to 15 minutes of physical exertion, usually triggered by the inhalation of cold, dry air.

common cold

Upper respiratory infections and acute nasopharyngitis are among the terms used to describe the __

acute nasopharyngitis

Upper respiratory infections __ are among the terms used to describe the common cold.

human rhinovirus

An upper respiratory infection can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses, the most common of which is the __

allergic rhinitis

__, commonly referred to as an allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus.

nonallergic rhinitis

__ is an inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication.

croup

__ is an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.

stridor

__ is a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in.

epistaxis

__, also known as a nosebleed, is bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure.