Biology Exam 2

What is the role of Acetyl CoA

Used to transport acetic acid into the next step.

What is the role of Mitochondria

Turning FADH molecules into energy.

What fuels the electron transport chain and what are the byproducts

Fueled by hydrogen from FADH and NADH and produce ATP and Water.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

One has oxygen and the other doesn't.

What does exercise have to do with anaerobic respiration

Whenever you're doing a lot of exercise, your muscles get tired, which produce lactic acid.

The lactic acid byproduct produced in anaerobic respiration is exclusive to

Humans.

Why does lactic acid cause pain

A molecule that resembles needles.

The Ethyl alcohol byproduct produced in anaerobic respiration is exclusive to

Microbes.

What organisms can produce fermentation

Yeasts

How does a Bioreactor work

They promote fermentation.

What type of wavelength do plants use to harness energy

Visible Light.

Leaves, Fruits and vegetables have a distinct color, what does that have to do with absorption and reflection of light

The colors that the plants are dictated by the type of energy they are using.

What does photons have to do with photosynthesis

Photons are particles that hit the photosystem in order to excite and start photosynthesizes.

How does the chloroplast produce glucose out of ATP

ATP fuels the Calvin cycle.

What is the Calvin Cycle

Machinery that is used to make sugar using ATP.

What happens at night when plants cannot do further photosynthesis

ATP is used in chlorophyl and fuels Calvin cycle.

What are the byproducts of the Photosynthesis cycle

Go through anaerobic respiration.

What are the byproducts of the Calvin cycle

Produce oxygen and sugar.

Please explain why one glucose is enough production for plants

Because one chlorophyl produces one glucose but every cell has many chlorophyl, which results in thousands of glucoses.

What are the two types of cells

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

There used to be 5 kingdoms or Domains to classify all living organisms, what are they

Animals, plants, fungi, protist, Monera.

What are the new kingdoms or domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaria.

Can you list 3 differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Organelles vs no organelles, nucleus, vs no nucleus, and simple vs complicated.

Can you supply an example of a Prokaryote

Bacteria.

Can you supply an example of a Eukaryote

Me!

What fuels Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen and glucose.

What are the byproducts of Respiration

Water and CO2.

What is Glycolysis

A process of cutting sugar in half.

Cellular Respiration

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP.

Aerobic Respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.

Glucose

main sugar found in your blood.

Monosaccharide

A sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as ither an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule.

Glycolysis

a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three carbon molecules called pyruvates.

Pyruvic Acid

a 3 carbon acid that is an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and can be formed either from glucose after phosphorylation or from glycogen by glycolysis.

NAD

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Is a central metabolic coenzyme involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen. Occurs naturally in the bogy and plays a role in generating energy.

FAD

flavin adenine dinucleotide is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

FADH

flavin adenine dinucleotide. Enzymes formed during cellular respiration and are utilized in forming ATP molecules.

Acetic Acid

ethanoic acid. It has the chemical formular CH3COOH. A byproduct of fermentation and gives vinegar its characteristic odor.

Acetyl Coa

a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrates and lipid metabolism.

Citric Acid Cycle

serves as the mitochondrial hub for the final step in carbon skeleton oxidative catabolism for carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Citric Acid

an organic compound. Colorless, weak organic compound, naturally found in citrus fruits.

CO2

Carbon Dioxide. A colorless, odorless gas. It is a waste product made by the body.

ATP

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA.

Electron Transport

a series of redox reactions that resemble a relay race in that electrons are passed rapidly from one component to the next, to the endpoint of the chain where the electrons reduced molecular oxygen, producing water.

Mitochondria

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occurs. It has a double membrane; the inner layer being folded inward to form layers.

H+

hydrogen ion, strictly the nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from its accompanying electron.

ATP Synthase

A mitochondrial enzyme localized in inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to negative side.

Cellular Fermentation

anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose.

Anaerobic Respiration

non-oxygen- requiring.

Lactic Acid

a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.

Ethyl Alcohol

a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols: C2H5OH.

Yeast

single cell eukaryotic microorganisms instrumental to winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times.

Microalgae

unicellular photosynthetic microorganism, living in saline or freshwater environments, that convert sunlight, water, carbon dioxide to algal biomass.

Bioreactor

are vessels or tanks in which whole cells or cell-free enzymes transform raw materials into biochemical products and or less undesirable by products.

Wavelength

the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light.

Photons

a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength.

Visible wavelength

The visible light spectrum is the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view.

Light Absorption

a process by which light is absorbed and converted into energy.

Light Reflection

occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the waves away from the surface.

Excited Electron

When an electron temporarily occupies an energy state greater than its ground state.

Chloroplast

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.

Pigments

any colored material found in a plant or animal cell.

Photosystem

functional units for photosynthesis.

Starch

a substance found in plants.

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

Calvin Cycle

a series of chemical reactions that occurs as part of the dark reactions of photosynthesis.

G3P

(Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate) is the product of the Calvin cycle.

Prokaryote

any organism that is chiefly characterized by a cell devoid of a well-defined nucleus or organelles.

Circular chromosome

A chromosome in bacteria. Prokaryotic DNA

Eukaryote

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

Organelle

any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Linear chromosome

a chromosome which is linear in shape and contains terminal ends. Eukaryotic DNA

Kingdom

a taxonomic rank that is composed of smaller groups called phyla. 5 total

Domain

A specific physical region or amino acid sequence in a protein which is associated with a particular function or corresponding segment of DNA. 3 Total.

Animal

any eukaryotic multicellular organisms of the biological kingdom animalia.

Plantae

a taxonomic group that includes land plants and green algae.

Fungi

A type of eukaryotic organism belonging to the kingdom fungi. Ex Mushrooms.

Protist

any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.

Monera

a kingdom in biology that comprises prokaryotes, which are single-celled organism that have no true nucleus.

Bacteria

are small single-celled organisms, Bacteria are found almost everywhere on earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems.

Archaea

is domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nucelli and Archaea redirects here. Not be confused with Archean.

Eukaria

all cell-based organisms containing nucelli or membrane- bound organelles, divided into kingdoms plants, animalia, fungi, and a handful of Protista.