Endocrine System Anatomy Exam 4

Hypothalamus

regulatory hormones

controls secretions of pituitary gland

nerve cells produce chemical signals

-releasing hormones

-releasing inhibitory hormones

-controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

Anterior Pituitary Gland

-Growth Hormone

-Thyroid stimulating hormone

-adrenocorticotropic hormone

-melanocyte stimulating hormone

-follicle stimulating hormone

-luteinizing hormone

-lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

Posterior Pituitary Gland

-Antidiuretic hormone

-Oxytocin

Thyroid Gland

-Thyroxine

-Triiodothyronine

-Calcitonin

Parathyroid Glands

parathormone

Adrenal Glands

-Epinephrine

-Norepinephrine

-Aldosterone

-Cortisol

-Androgens

Pancreas

Beta cells

Alpha Cells

Delta cells

Islets of Langerhans

Testes

testosterone

Ovaries

estrogen and progesterone

Thymus Gland

thymosin

Pineal

Melatonin and Serotonin

Thymosin

important for T-cell production

Testosterone

development of male reproduction structures and of male secondary sex characteristics

Ovaries

development of female productive organs, female sec characteristics, and control menstrual cycle

Melatonin

Inhibits reproductive functions, regulates body rhythms, and increase production of reducing daylight

Serotonin

stimulates smooth muscle contractions and is converted to melatonin

Islets of Langerhans

regulate glucose in blood

Beta cells

insulin production

Alpha cells

glucagon production (increase blood glucose)

Delta cells

suppresses release of glucagon and insulin

Low blood glucose (pancreas)

acidosis due to ketones

high blood glucose (pancreas)

excess kidney production, dehydration

Diabetes mellitus (pancreas)

insufficient insulin production

Addisons disease (adrenal)

lack of adrenal cortex hormone

cushings syndrome (adrenal)

too much adrenal cortex hormones

Epinephrine

fight or flight, stress

Norepinephrine

found in aggressive animals

Hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid)

breakdown of bone matrix (bones become thin and brittle)

Hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid)

low calcium level in blood (impacts muscle and nerve tissue)

Parathormone

stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate

Hyperthyroidism (thyroid)

high levels/production of TH

-elevated metabolism

-graves disease

-high blood pressure and increased heart rate

Hypothyroidism (thyroid)

low/inadequate production of TH

-cretinism: reduced skeletal & nerve development in young, lethargic and unable to tolerate cold in adults

-lowered metabolic rate

-myxedema: subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, muscular, weakness, slow reflex

Calcitonin

regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration

-stimulate bone growth

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

increase metabolism by increasing cellular O2 consumption, protein synthesis, and glucose absorption

Oxytocin

Contraction of uterine smooth muscles

-contractions prior to and during birth

-post-partum uterine involution (placenta)

Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation) - milk let down

-caused by neuroendocrine reflex

Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage

Antidiuretic hormone

-increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules

-deficiency results in diabetes insipidus

-regulated through osmoreceptors (dehydration causes water conservation)

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

stimulate milk production in females

luteinizing hormone

females: stimulates ovulation and progesterone production

males: testosterone production

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

stimulates melanocytes

-controls skin pigmentation

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

females: stimulates ovarian follicle development and controls excretion of estrogen

males: stimulates sperm cell production

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates adrenal cortex

-released during stress, pain, fear, cold

-increase glucose metabolism (gives energy)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid to release TH

Growth Hormone

cell metabolism and growth

-decreased production (dwarfism: childhood)

-increased production (gigantism: childhood and will lose secondary sex characteristics) (acromegaly: post puberty, thickening and enlarging in feet, nose, hands, changes in skin)

Functions of Hormones

Control cellular respiration, growth and reproduction

Control body fluids and electrolyte balance

Control secretion of other hormones

Control behavior patterns

Regulate reproductive cycles, growth and development

Chemical control functions as negative feedback loop (thermostsat)