Unit 4 APAAS

Arturo Schomburg

Black Puerto Rican, collection donated to NYC public library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture

When was the Harlem Renaissance

1920s-1930s

When was the New Negro Movement

1920s

Accommodationist

Ex. Booker T Washington: believed black people should fit into established dynamic

Who redefined the New Negro movement in terms of black aesthetic

Alain Locke

What were different schools of thought surrounding new negro movement

Booker T Washington - Accomodationist

Alain Locke - Black aesthetic

Marcus Garvey - black nationalism

What inner conflict did Alain Locke aim to address through the New Negro Movement

Encourages black artists to reject the burden of being the sole representation of a race

First African American Rhodes Scholar/when

Alain Locke 1907

Negritude/Negrismo movements concept+time period

• 1930s-1950s

• Rejected Colonialism + affirmed influence of African heritage on diaspora

What was a part of Negrismo, Negritude and New Negro that had controversy

The relationship of African Americans to Africa

Negritude

• 1930s-1950s

• started with French-speaking Caribbean and African writers protesting colonialism

Negrismo

• 1930s-1950s

• Starting with Spanish-speaking Caribbeans, embraced by Black and mixed Latinos

Aime Cesaire and Jessie Redmon Fauset

Proponents of Negritude/Negrismo —> argued racism and colonialism interconnected

T/F US army segregated at start of WW2

T

How many AA served in WW2

over 2 mill

First African American pilots in US military

Tuskegee Airmen

Who/when/what “Double Victory” campaign

1942 James G Thompson — victory against fascism during WW2 and against Jim Crow segregation

GI Bill of 1944

race-neutral gesture towards American vets in WW2, including 1.2 mill black vets

funds for college, mortgages, business startup

Why was the GI Bill of 1944 not executed properly?

funds were administered locally not federally —> subject to Jim Crow practices

What did the Repub. of Ghana’s independence from British in 1957 inspire?

Visits from activists like MLK jr, Malcolm X, Maya Angelou, WEB Du Bois

Why was 1960 known as the “Year of Africa“

17 African nations declared independence from European colonialism

When was the Black Freedom Movement/what two movements within it?

1940s-1970s

Civil Rights, Black Power movements

Goals of the Civil Rights movement (3)

• eradicate segregation

• ensure practice of reconstruction amendments

• ensure practice of Civil Rights Act of 1875

When was Brown V Board/What did it do/what was the argument

1954 — SC ruled segregation unconstitutional, violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment

What psychological evidence was presented during Brown V Board

Doll Test conducted by Mamie and Kenneth Clark in 1940s — impact of segregation on black kids’ self-esteem

Negative reactions to Brown V Board

• some states cut funding for integrated schools

• white families fled to private/suburbs, shifting investment

• local/federal police used to prevent integration

• schools shut down

How was redlining codified

In the Federal Housing Administration’s Underwriting Manual (1938)

How did the NAACP fight housing discrimination

Fair Housing Act in 1968

What is a negative outcome of the Brown v Board decision

Many black teachers in the South lost their jobs

What were the “Big Four“ civil rights organizations

NAACP

SCLC
SNCC
CORE

Birminham Children’s Crusade (year/goal)

1963 — included children because they could not lose homes or jobs when arrested and it garnered more attention

Who organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom + year

A Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin 1963

Mississippi Freedom Summer Project (year, event)

1964- Big Four established 41 Freedom Schools to prep AA for voting + activism

What event during the Mississippi Freedom Summer resulted in the formation of Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

1 AA and 2 Jewish activists killed

What legislation came during the Civil Rights movement

and what did they do

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (ended segregation + prohibited discrimination of race, gender, religion)

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (outlawed discriminatory barriers in voting)

When was the NAACP formed and what work did it focus on

1909 - legal campaigns

What event did Rosa Parks help launch

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

How was CORE started

Students in Chicago 1942

When was SCLC established/under who

MLK Jr - 1957

What year was the Selma Voting Rights March and which Big Four launched it

1965 - SCLC

When/under which mentor was SNCC founded

1960, Ella Baker mentor

What was protest that started SNCC

Greensboro Sit Ins

Dorothy Height

National Council of Negro Women leader for 40 yrs

1960s CCCO established

to protest school segregation in Chicago, later addressed employment+housing

Largest single-day civil rights protest

NYC school boycott of 1964 — half NYC’s student body (464k)

What was MLK Jr’s anthem for the Civil Rights Movement

“We Shall Overcome“

When was the Black Arts Movement

1965-1976

When was the Nation of Islam founded/where

1930 Detroit

Why did Nation of Islam members adopt letter X as surname

leader Elijah Muhammad encouraged it as a symbolic gesture of abandoning the name of their enslavers

Why was there a shift from Civil Rights to Black Power

• desire for violence as viable strategy

• wanted more black consciousness/distinction

What constitutional rights did Malcolm X encourage followers to exercise (2)

right to vote, right to bear arms

What ideology did Malcolm X believe in

Black nationalism

What was the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense’ Ten-Point Program

A document/demand for freedom from oppression, imprisonment, access to housing, healthcare etc.

T/F women weren’t allowed to be Black Panther s

F - they made up half of the party’s membership

Black is Beautiful movement and Afrocentricity emergence

1960s-1970s

What is Kwanzaa and what movement does it come from

established 1966 - part of Afrocentric movement

Combahee River Collective 1977

Black and lesbian organization

Who/when coined intersectionality

Kimberle Crenshaw 1990s

Who/when coined “womanist“

Alice Walker 1980s

First coined “Interlocking systems of oppression“

Patricia Hill Collins

Gwendolyn Brooks and Audre Lorde

authors exploring intersectionality

Who laid the foundation for rock and roll

Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Bo Diddley, Little Richard

Where/how did hip hop develop

Bronx NYC, young black and latinos in 1970s