chemistry

States of matter

The three distinct forms in which matter can exist: solids, liquids, and gases.

Melting point

The specific temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

Boiling point

The specific temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.

Freezing point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid, equal to the melting point.

Melting

The process where a solid turns into a liquid upon absorbing heat.

Freezing

The process where a liquid turns into a solid upon losing heat.

Boiling

The process where a liquid turns into a gas, involving bubble formation throughout the liquid.

Condensation

The process where a gas turns into a liquid, usually when cooled.

Sublimation

The direct transition of a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.

Desublimation

The reverse process of sublimation, where a gas turns directly into a solid.

Diffusion

The spreading of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Solvent

The liquid in which a solute dissolves.

Solute

The substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution.

Solution

A mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

Saturated solution

A solution that has the maximum concentration of solute that can be dissolved.

Soluble

Describes a substance that can dissolve in a solvent.

Insoluble

Describes a substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent.

Solubility

A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given amount of solvent.

Solubility curve

A graph representing solubility of a substance at different temperatures.

Thermal energy

The energy that comes from heat, affecting the movement of particles.

Kinetic energy

The energy of motion; in this context, it increases as particles gain heat.

Particle arrangement in solids

Particles are arranged in a regular and fixed pattern.

Movement of particles in liquids

Particles move around each other but remain close together.

Closeness of particles in gases

Particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.

Energy needed for melting

Depends on the strength of forces between solid particles.

Evaporation

The process of liquid changing into gas at temperatures below boiling point.

Bromine diffusion experiment

Demonstrates diffusion through movement of particles in gases.

Potassium manganate diffusion

Illustrates diffusion in liquids where particles mix over time.

Effect of temperature on solubility

Generally, as temperature increases, solubility of solids increases.

Common salt solubility

The solubility of sodium chloride remains largely unchanged with temperature.

Solubility of gases and pressure

Gases typically become more soluble as pressure increases.

Physical change

A change that does not affect the chemical structure of the substance.

Gas behavior in cooling

Gas particles lose energy and group together to form a liquid.

Use of a saturated solution

Use a saturated solution to determine solubility by adding solute until no more dissolves, then measuring the amount of solute added.

How to investigate solubility

You can investigate solubility by mixing a solute with a solvent at various temperatures and measuring how much solute dissolves.

Factors affecting solubility

Investigate factors affecting solubility by changing the temperature and pressure while measuring the solute dissolution