Chapter 16

Jim crow laws

were state and local laws that established and enforced segregation

De jure Segregation

A type of segregation that was imposed by law

De facto segregation

Segregation by unwritten custom or tradition

Plessy vs ferguson

A 1896 supreme court case that ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal

Congress of racial equality

goal to end discrimination policies and improve race relations

NAACP

The largest and most powerful political civil rights organization in the nation

Brown vs Board of education

supreme court case that ended segregation in public schools

Little rock nine

The first AFAM students to be integrated into public schools in the state of Arkansas

Rosa Parks

AFAM seamstress refuses to give u her seat on a Montgomery, AL, public bus

Rosa parks legacy

Caused the Montgomery bus Boycott

Martin Luther King Jr.

26 y/o Baptist Minister that led the Montgomery Bus boycott

Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC

its goal was to create a grass-roots movement that involved all classes of AFAM to obtain equality

Freedom rides

civil rights demonstration which protesters rode buses throughout the south to protest segregation laws on interstate buses

CORE or Congress of racial equality

organized the freedom rides

Birmingham AL

Considered the most segregated city in the south

Letter from a Birmingham jail

The letter written by Dr. Martin Luther King jr. that defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism

George Wallace

governor of Alabama who believed in segregation

March on washington

A march to show support, Held by AFAM leaders to demonstrate nationwide support

Civil rights act of 1964

banned segregation in public places and prohibited employers, unions, or schools from discriminating based on sex, race, religion, and national origin

How did southern states keep AFAM from voting

\-literacy tests

\-Poll taxes/property taxes

\-threats of violence or intimidation

Freedom Summer

name given to the 1964 effort to get AFAM registered to vote in Alabama and Mississippi

Voting rights act

gave the federal government the power to protect all citizen’s right to vote

24th amendment

banned the poll taxes that kept AFAM from voting

Black nationalism

a belief in separate identity and racial unity amongst AFAM

Elijah Muhammad

leader of the nation of Islam

Nation of Islam

religious/political organization that preaches complete separation from white society

Black Panther Party

organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods to protect people from police abuse

\-created by Huey newton and bobby seale in Oakland, Ca

martin Luther King assassination

Dr. King was shot and killed in Memphis, Tenn. By James earl ray (ex-convict)

Thurgood Marshall

Became the first AFAM supreme court justice

Affirmative action

Policy that gave special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination

Democratic party

John F Kennedy

Republican party

Richard Nixon

JFK

Navy Veteran of WW2

born may 29, 1917

elected to congress in 1946 and senate in 1950

passionate about foreign affairs

Richard Nixon

Navy veteran of WW2

born jan 9, 1913

elected to congress in 1946 and senate in 1950

also passionate about foreign affairs

How did Kennedy differ from RIchard Nixon

Kennedy’s family was wealthy, catholic, and attended Harvard university

How was Nixon different from John F. Kennedy

Nixon’s family was middle class in California

was VP under Dwight Eisenhower

Who won the election of 1960

Youngest president ever elected at 43 years old

JFK’s wife

Jacqueline

New Frontier Program

Kennedy’s platform for his presidency

What did the New Frontier Program intend to do

It intended to boost the economy by

\-expanding the military

\-expanding the space program

\-Fighting racial discrimination

Deficit spending

When the GOV borrows money in order to spend more than it receives in revenue or taxes

Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas

the place JFK was assassinated

governor of texas

John Connelly

Who shot JFK

Lee Harvey Oswald

accused of being the lone assassin

Lee Harvey Oswald

Dallas Businessman who shot and killed Oswald 2 days after the assassination of JFK

Abraham Zapruder

Local Witness who has the only film of the assassination

Warren Commission

Concluded that only 1 man killed JFK and he fired 3 shots in a 6-7 second time period

Lyndon Johnson

Creator of the Great society which was a program intended to reform Americans living in poverty

War on poverty

program aimed at helping the poor through education, job training, and proper health care

Economic opportunity act

Trained young men and women between 16-21 in the work skills they needed to acquire better jobs

Medicare

Helps people 67 and older meet medical expenses through a goverment health care plan

medicaid

provides health insurance for people with low incomes

Gideon vs Wainwright

people accused of a crime had a constitutional right to free legal counsel

Escobedo vs illinois

Established people have a right to have their attorney present during police questioning

Miranda vs Arizona

Ordered police to tell suspects their rights before asking them any questions