Ch 26 Learning Objectives

Digestive System

26.1.1 List the organs that make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

26.1.2 List the accessory digestive organs and structures involved in the digestive process.

26.1.3 List and describe the six general functions of the digestive system.

26.1.4 List and describe the four tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall.

26.1.5 Briefly explain the process of absorption.

26.1.6 Distinguish the action of the muscularis mucosae of the mucosal tunic from that of the muscularis tunic.

26.1.7 Describe the general function of the enteric nervous system and autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the digestive system.

26.1.8 Compare short reflexes and long reflexes that regulate the digestive system.

26.1.9 Describe the general function of hormones that regulate the processes of digestion.

26.1.10 Describe the structure of the serous membranes associated with the GI tract.

26.1.11 Distinguish between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs.

26.1.12 Explain the function of the mesentery, and describe the five individual mesenteries of the abdominopelvic cavity.

26.2.13 Describe the components of the upper gastrointestinal tract and associated accessory digestive structures.

26.2.14 Identify and describe the anatomic structures of the oral cavity.

26.2.15 Explain how the release of saliva is regulated.

26.2.16 Describe the process of mastication.

26.2.17 Explain the growth and development of the teeth.

26.2.18 Describe the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus and their complementary activities in the process of swallowing.

26.2.19 Identify and describe the gross anatomy and histology of the stomach.

26.2.20 Explain the two general functional activities of the stomach.

26.2.21 Describe the phases that regulate motility and secretion in the stomach.

26.3.22 Describe the three components of the lower gastrointestinal tract and the associated accessory digestive organs

26.3.23 Identify and describe the anatomy of the small intestine.

26.3.24 List the glands found in the small intestine and their secretions.

26.3.25 Explain motility within the small intestine.

26.3.26 List the accessory digestive organs associated with releasing secretions into the duodenum, and describe the ducts that deliver these secretions.

26.3.27 Identify and describe the liver, and explain how both blood and bile flow through the liver.

26.3.28 Identify and describe the pancreas, and explain its general function in digestion.

26.3.29 Explain the regulation of the accessory digestive glands associated with the small intestine.

26.3.30 Identify and describe the three major regions of the large intestine and four segments of the colon of the large intestine.

26.3.31 Explain the distinguishing histologic features of the large intestine.

26.3.32 Describe the bacterial action that takes place in the large intestine.

26.4.33 Name the three classes of carbohydrates.

26.4.34 Explain the processing in the oral cavity that initiates carbohydrate digestion and how it is completed in the small intestine.

26.4.35 Explain why the proteolytic enzymes of the stomach and pancreas are synthesized in inactive forms.

26.4.36 Describe the activation and role of pepsin in the initiation of protein digestion in the stomach.

26.4.37 Describe the activation of proteolytic enzymes and the chemical digestion of proteins that occurs in the small intestine.

26.4.38 Explain the role of bile salts in the mechanical digestion of lipids and the role of pancreatic lipase in the chemical digestion of triglycerides.

26.4.39 Discuss the process by which lipids are absorbed.

26.4.40 Describe the digestion of nucleic acids.

26.4.41 Describe the absorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins.

26.4.42 Explain the details of vitamin B12 absorption.