APUSH Unit 2

French + Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763

• Part of the Seven Years' War happening in Europe

• Competing for Ohio River Valley

Results

• Britain Dominate power in NA

• Doubled in National Debt

• Increased power over colonies

• End of Salutary Neglect

Proclamation of 1763

Colonists cannot purchase/settle in land West of the Appalachians

• Quartering Act: Required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers

• Influenced by Pontiac’s Rebellion to prevent further conflicts with Native Americans

Albany Plan of Union

A proposal by Benjamin Franklin for a unified colonial government to manage relations with Native Americans

• Reps from 7 colonies met w/reps from Iroquois Confederacy

• Not passed by colonies or Parliament

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Chief Pontiac led attack on Western Frontier

• Put down by British troops

Virtual Representation

Members of Parliament speak for all subjects not just the ones in their districts

• All colonists are represented, regardless if they elect a specific representative, justifying taxation w/o direct voting from the colonies

Sons of Liberty

A secret organization formed in the American colonies to resist British policies and taxes

• Protested and violence to achieve their goals

• Coordinated boycotts, protests + intimidated tax agents

• Dumped English tea into the harbor in protest of taxes (Boston Tea Party)

Daughters of Liberty

Supported the boycott of British goods and promoted domestic production

• Played a key role in resisting British oppression

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the war

• French agreed to send aid to the colonies

• In the next year, Spain + Holland allied w/the colonies
  
  

Olive Branch Petition

One final chance to avoid war was sent to the king pleading for him to listen to the colonists demands

• The King doesn’t listen + colonists prepare for war

Torries/Loyalists

Colonists in favor of Britain maintaining control of the colonies

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Officially ended the Revolutionary War

• Britain recognized America as an independent nation

• Boundary at Mississippi River

Haitian Revolution

• Successful slave revolt in Haiti

• Influenced by the American Revolution

• Caused fear in elite planters in the US

• Resulted in stricter slave codes

Republican Motherhood

Women are responsible for raising children to become virtuous citizens/leaders

• Women got a greater access the education

Shay’s Rebellion

• MA farmers (many veterans) led by Daniel Shays

• Protested foreclosures of farms as state taxes increased

• No Federal Army so put down by State Militia

• Exposed the weaknesses of the Federal Gov

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Process for admitting new states

• No slavery in newly settled areas

• Set up public schools

Articles of Confederation

1st attempt in created a national gov

Weakness

• National gov was weak (no executive)

• Couldn’t regulate foreign affairs/commerce

• States not united

• Couldn’t pay national debt because they couldn’t tax

Strengths

• Created a national citizenship

• NW Ordinance

Great Compromise

• Combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  • House of Representatives (Reps based on state pop)

  • Senate (2 per state)

3/5 Compromise

3 out of every 5 enslaved ppl counted as part of the population for representation and taxation purposes

Anti-Federalists

Argued against ratification of the Constitution

• Worried abt tyranny

• Central gov couldn’t address needs of diverse pops

• Advocated for the Bill of Rights to protect individual rights

Federalists

Supported ratification of the Constitution

• Hamilton, Adams

• Larger Fed Gov

• Wanted to aid business through tariffs + a national bank

• Wanted British Alliance

• Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Federalist Papers

Essays written by Hamilton, Madison, + Jay to persuade ratification of the Constituion and address concerns raised by Anti-Federalists

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments of the Constitution

• Guarantee individual liberties and limitations on governmental power

Federalism

System were power is shared between federal + state gov

• Any power not explicitly granted to federal goc is reserved for states (10th Amendment)

Judiciary Act of 1789

Outlined plan for SCOTUS (Supreme Court)

• Created a system of district + appellate courts

How did the relationship between Britain + colonies change/stay the same after the French + Indian War

Change

• Britain increased national debt

  • Increased colonial taxes

  • Stamp + Sugar Act

• Increased power of colonies

  • Proclamation of 1763

• End of Salutary Neglect

  • Angered colonists

Stay

• Trade w/Britain (mercantilism)

• Town Govs

• Influenced by British Culture

Significance of Common Sense

Argued for independence from Britain + Inspired Independence from Britain throughout the colonies

• promoting idea of a democratic government

• Challenged the legitimacy of monarchy

• Inspired

How did women contribute to the American Revolution

• Organized boycotts

• Spies

• Managed farms and businesses

• Served as nurses and caregivers

How did the role of women in society change/stay the same after the Revolution

Changes

• Took on greater responsibilities during and after the American Revolution

• Access to a higher education

• Gained more involvement in public life

Continuities

• Couldn’t Vote

• Not equal to men

• Couldn’t receive the same education a man could

• Continued to fulfill traditional domestic roles

What factors led to colonies to defeat Britain

• Knew the Landscape (guerilla warfare)

• Highly motivated colonists

• An ocean between lands

• Got help from France + Spain

How did the ideas + success of the American Revolution impact American society + international relations

• Inspired democratic ideals, leading to increased demands for individual rights and self-governance

• Influenced other nations to revolt

  • Haitian + French

  • Latin + South America

What are the strengths + weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Weakness

• National gov was weak (no executive)

• Couldn’t regulate foreign affairs/commerce

• States not united

• Couldn’t pay national debt because they couldn’t tax

Strengths

• Created a national citizenship

• NW Ordinance

How did the compromises + discussions at the Constitutional Convention aim to create a more effective government

• Sought to balance state and federal powers

• Address representation for large and small states

• Established a framework for the new government

  • 3 Branches

• Great Compromise + Three-Fifths Compromise

Characteristics of Gov under the Constitution

• Created a stronger central government with an executive branch

• Established a system of checks and balances to prevent abuse of power

  • Legislative (Congress)

  • Executive (President)

  • Judicial (Supreme Court)

  • Laws could be vetoed

• Ensured representation through a bicameral legislature

  • State Representatives based on pop, 2 Senators

• Electoral College (Indirect election of president)

Gov under the Articles of Confederation

• Weak national structure that lacked an executive branch

• Limited powers to regulate commerce/international affairs

• Couldn’t tax so couldn’t pay off national debt

• States not united

• No National currency

• No military

Arguments of Federalists + Anti-federalists

Federalists

• Argued for ratification of Constitution + a stronger central gov

Anti-Federalists

• Argued against ratification of Constitution, Feared strong central gov

• Advocated for Bill of Rights

How did the early political parties form

• Disagreements over how much power the Federal Gov should have

• Disagreements on the Financial Plan

Strengths + Weakness of Washington’s Presidency

Strengths

• Established strong executive office (Cabinet)

• Judiciary Act of 1789

• Financial Plan

  • Delt w/debt and creation of a National Bank

• Neutrality

• Pinckney’s Treaty 1795

• Put down whiskey rebellion

• Farewell Address

Weakness

• Jay’s Treaty

  • Unpopular w/American Public

• Start of political parties

Strengths + Weakness of Adams’ Presidency

Strengths

• Successfully avoided war with France (XYZ Affair)

• Strengthened the Federalist Party + federal government

Weaknesses

• Political Parties

• Alien + Sedition Acts

Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

Formal neutrality in the conflict between England + France

• Enraged pro-French Jeffersonians

Jay’s Treaty 1794

Britain promised to leave its forts on the Western Front

• Didn’t address impressment

• Unpopular w/American Public

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in Western PA against Whiskey Tax

• Washington sent military to put rebellion down

• Demonstrated the strength of the federal gov (Compared to Shay’s Rebellion)

Farewell Address

Washington declined to run for a 3rd term (precedent)

Warnings

• Don’t get involved in European Affairs

• Avoid permanent Alliances

• Don’t form political parties

• No Sectionalism

XYZ Affair 1798

French were seizing US ships to stop trade w/Britain

• Adams sent delegation to France, French asked for a bribe

• Increased Anti-French sentiment in US public

• Adams renegotiated + avoided war (Quasi War)

Democratic-Republican

• Jefferson, Madison

• Smaller federal gov - protect state govs

• Favored agricultural interests

• Wanted French Alliance

• Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

Alien + Sedition Acts

• Restricted Federalists’ political opponents

• Increased time required for immigrants to become citizens of the US

• President could deport dangerous foreigners

• Made it illegal to critacize the president/Federal Gov

Kentucky + Virginia Resolutions

Declared that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of the Treasury

• Came up with a financial plan

  • Deal w/debt (Congress takes on state debts)

  • Gain Revenue (Tariffs)

  • Stabilize banking system (National Bank)

George Washington

• Commander of the Continental army

• First President of the US

• Farewell Address

John Adams

• Vice Pres under Washington

• 2nd President

• Federalist

• XYZ Affair

• Alien + Sedition Acts

• Virginia + Kentucky Resolutions