AUDIOLOGY FINAL

What are the three main components of evidence-based practice?

Evidence, clinical expertise/judgement, and client and family values and perspectives

Who are some people that may help a patient/patient family make the best decision for them? List at least two.

Pediatrician and/or teachers

The failure of the __ to perform typically results in negative ear pressure.

Eustachian tubes

The name for an infected middle ear

Otitis media

The term for fluid in the middle ear that is NOT infectious

Serous fluid

Name for a chronically open eustachian tube

Patulous Eustachian tubes

The term for excessive bone growth over the middle ear bones

Otosclerosis

Name the fluids within the vestibular system.

Parilymph and endolymph

Rapid eye movement associated with the sensation of true turning

Nystagmus

The sensation of true turning is called

Vertigo

What three systems combine to give you balance?

Vestibular, eyesight, and proprioceptive

Yes or no: if two speakers are playing the same frequency at the same decibel level, can the two decibel levels be added together?

No

Do loud sounds have a higher or lower amplitude when compared to quiet sounds?

Higher

Do low frequency sounds have longer or shorter wavelengths compared to high frequency sounds?

Longer

What is the physical correlate of pitch?

Frequency

What is the psychological correlate of amplitude?

Loudness/intensity/volume

What two documents guide the profession of audiology?

Code of ethics and scope of practice

What is required to legally practice audiology?

State license

Audiology was formed from what two professions?

Speech language pathology and otolaryngology

What degree is required for audiology?

AuD

Order of pathways:

Cochlear Nucleus, Superior Olivary Complex, Lateral Lemniscus, Inferior Colliculus, Medial Geniculate Body, Auditory Cortex 

1: Oval window

2: Round window

3: Organ of Corti

4: Scala Vestibuli (perilymph)

5: Scala Tympani (endolymph)

The internal auditory canal contains ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Vestibular branch of the 8th cranial nerve, auditory branch of the 8th cranial nerve, cerebellar artery, and facial nerve

The light reflex which may be seen when inspecting the tympanic membrane with a bight light directed down the external auditory canal is known as the

Cone of light

The tympanic membrane is held in position at the end of the external auditory canal by a ring of tissue called

Tympanic annulus

The human tympanic membrane is comprised of ___ layers.

Three

The arrangement of auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea through the central auditory structures reflect a

Tonotopic organization

The muscle in the middle ear that stiffens the membrane in the oval window when it contracts in response to loud sounds is the ___.

Stapedius muscle

The ___ comprises the greatest surface area of the tympanic membrane.

Pars tensa

The stereocilla on the tips of the outer hair cells are embedded in the

Tectorial membrane

The auricle is made of

Cartilage

Vibratory connections between the ossicular chain and the inner ear are established by the

Oval window

Cerumen is produced by the secaceous glands in what portion of the external auditory canal?

Outer portion

The reflex activity of the middle ear muscles is mediated at the level of the

Superior Olivary Complex

The basilar membrane supports the

Organ of Corti

Three to five parallel rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells are situated on

Basilar membrane

The purpose of the eustachian tube is to match the pressure of the middle ear to the pressure of the

Outer ear

Scala media contains

Endolymph

A: Tympanic Membrane

B: Malleus

C: Incus

D : Stapes

G: Helix

J: Antitragus

K: Concha

L: Lobe

M: Semicircular Canals

N: Eustachian Tube

O: Cochlear Branch of the 8th Cranial Nerve

P: Cochlea

W: Umbo

Y: External Auditory Canal

E: Oval Window

F: Round Window

M: Semicircular Canals

P: Cochlea

O: Cochlear Branch of the 8th Cranial Nerve

Q: Organ of Corti

R: Scala Vestibuli

S: Scala Media

T: Scala Tympani

U: Basilar Membrane

V: Reissner’s Membrane

G: Helix

H: Tragus

I: Antihelix

J: Antitragus

K: Concha

L: Lobe

X: Auricle

Describe the movement of sound from the outer ear to the auditory cortex. Include in your description at least two anatomical structures/labels from the outer ear, three anatomical points from the middle ear, the connection point between the outer ear and middle ear, the connecting point between the middle and inner ear, and two anatomical points from the inner ear, and a description of how the signal travel to the auditory cortex. (A total of 10 anatomical features- extra anatomical labeling/description will not result in extra points, but misuse of a term will result in a loss of points).

Sound enters through the pinna (auricle) and travels down the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which connects the outer and middle ear. The vibration then moves through the middle ear bones: the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes pushes on the oval window, which connects the middle and inner ear. In the inner ear, vibrations move through the cochlea and stimulate the hair cells in the organ of Corti. These hair cells change sound into electrical signals that travel through the auditory nerve to the brainstem, then to the thalamus, and finally to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe where sound is interpreted.

The portion of the inner ear responsible for equilibrium is called the

Vestibular System

Disturbance of the vestibular mechanism often results in the sensation of true turning called ____. It is associated with rapid eye movement called ___.

Vertigo; nystagmus

Middle ear pressure is regulated through the

Eustachian Tube

The portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing is called the

Cochlea

What needs to be undamaged for a cochlear implant to be considered?

Auditory Pathway

What level of hearing loss is cochlear implantation considered for?

Profound

Aligning a cochlear implant to a specific patient is referred to as what?

Mapping

What are some considerations that need to be considered when deciding if cochlear implant is the right choice?

If viable hair-cell function is not present and if the patient has considerable hearing loss

What is the most common hearing aid type?

Receiver in the canal

What is the term for the difference between auditory input and output of a hearing aid?

Acoustic gain

What is the name for the type of hearing aid where information is gathered from an unaidable ear and transferred to be projected to a typical ear?

CROS

What is the name for the portion of the hearing aid that is fitted specific to each client's ear?

Ear mold

What is the term for the high-pitched sound created from the output signal being picked up by the microphone in a continual loop?

Feedback

The name of disorders you are born with/that develop in utero

Congenital

The name for illness that are long lasting/will be present over a long amount of time

Chronic

The sudden loss of hearing is a medical emergency.

True

The name for hearing loss due to aging

Presbycusis

Hearing loss as a side effect of chemicals or drugs

Ototoxicity

Term for a small pinna

Microtia

Term for an absent pinna

Anotia

Term for absent EAC

Atresia

Term for an infection in the EAC

Otitis externa

Term for earwax

Cerumen

What are SDT and SRT, how are they different?

SDT (Speech Detection Threshold) is the softest level a stimuli is detected (not understood) 50% of the time. SRT (Speech Recognition Threshold) is the softest level a stimuli is repeated correctly 50% of the time.

What is dynamic range?

The difference between speech recognition threshold and uncomfortable loudness level.

What is interaural attenuation?

The loss of energy as sound travels from the test ear to the non test ear.

What is cross hearing?

When the non test ear is stimulated

What is the interaural attenuation for bone conduction, air conduction- supra aural headphones, and air conduction- insert headphones?

Bone conduction: 0 dB

Supra aural headphones: 40 dB

Insert headphones: 75 dB for 250 - 1,000 Hz and 50 dB for 1,000+ Hz

What are the 5 types of tympanograms?

Type A, Type AS, Type AD, Type B, Type C

What portion of the ear do OAEs assess?

The inner ear

What are the three tests of that measure tympanic membrane compliance/movement?

Tympanograms

Static compliance

Acoustic reflex

What frequencies are testing during hearing screens?

1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, and 4,000 Hz

Which decibel level is testing during hearing screens?

20 dB

Explain symmetrical versus asymmetrical meaning on audiograms.

Symmetrical means similar so the ears are doing the same thing and appear relatively similar on an audiogram. Asymmetrical means different so one ear is doing something different than the other ear and results on an audiogram will be different.

What are the 'configuration' options seen on an audiogram?

Rising, sloping, cookie-bite, and flat

What are the 'degree' options seen on an audiogram? (give label and decibel ranges)

-10 - 20 dB: typical hearing

20 - 40 dB: mild hearing loss

40 - 55 dB: moderate hearing loss

55 - 70 dB: moderate - severe hearing loss

70 - 90 dB: severe hearing loss

90+ dB: profound hearing loss

What are the "type" options seen on an audiogram?

Sensorineural: hearing loss present in the inner ear (cochlea, mastoid bone)

Conductive: hearing loss present in the outer/middle ear (external auditory pathways)

Mixed: a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

If the patient does respond to a given sound, how much should you lower the decibel level?

10 DB

If a patient fails to respond to a given sound, how much should you increase the decibel level?

5 dB

What decibel level do you start with on a pure tone aud test?

30 dB

What two types of conduction can be tested with pure tones? Describe the difference.

Air conduction and bone conduction. Bone conduction is done in the inner ear and mastoid bone. Air conduction is done in the external auditory canal.

What frequencies are tested in a pure tone audiometric test?

1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, 4,000 Hz, 8,000 Hz back down to 1,000 Hz and then 500 Hz to 250 Hz

Binaural hearing refers to listening with ___ ears

Both

___ indicates single ear listening.

Monaural

CROS hearing aids were originally designed for people with ___ hearing losses.

Monaural

When sending reports, HIPAA mandates that a ___ be on file.

Written consent

Emotional responses to bad news may include ____, ____, ____, and ____ (among others) but may not occur in a set order and may reappear at later dates.

Denial, anger, guilt, shock

The word 'deaf from an audiometric orientation implies a profound hearing loss that cannot effectively utilize auditory input. When this word refers to members of a distinct culture.

Capitalized

The gain of a hearing aid is

The difference in decibels between the input signal and the ouput signal

A CROS style hearing aid is designed specifically for

Those with one unaidable ear

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a bone-anchored hearing aid?

A mixed hearing loss

When the audiologist adjusts the stimulus parameters of a choclear implant's speech processor, it is said the device is being

Mapped

Assistive listening devices are also called

Hearing Assistance Technologies

HIPAA legislation

provides standard for the exchange, privacy, and security of private health information

SOAP stands for

Subjective (the patient’s own report of symptoms, history, and concerns), objective (Measurable, observable data such as vitals, lab results, and physical exam findings), assessment (The provider’s clinical impression, diagnosis, or analysis of the situation), and plan (The proposed treatment, follow-up steps, referrals, and education)

Children with PRElinguistic hearing impairments are not those who

Lose hearing AFTER they learn language

How are amplification devices different from hearing aids?

Amplificaton devices simply make everything louder, so there is no distinct difference between speech and background noise. Hearing aids only amplify be distinguished and speech can be heard more clearly.