BY 124 Urinary System, Reproductive System, & Endocrine System,

Kidney

Structure responsible for filtration of the ammonia wastes from the blood

Cortex

Outer layer of Kidney

Medulla

Middle layer, contains renal pyramids with calyx at end connecting to the pelvis

Pelvis

Inner layer, where collecting ducts drain the urine to the ureter

Ureter

Tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder

Urinary Bladder

Reservoir for urine to be expelled from the body

Urethra

Connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Glomerulus

Capillary bed that forces fluid containing salts, glucose, vitamins, and nitrogenous waste out of hte blood

Bowman’s Capsule

Receives filtrate from the glomerulus

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Proximal convoluted tuble

Remove sodium chloride, potassium, water, and other nutrients from nephron to return to blood.

Loop of Helne

Forms a concentration gradient that removes additional water and sodium chloride from the blood, producing concentrated urine

Distal convoluted tuble

selectively remove additional water and sodium chloride from the urine, but absorb potassium into nephron

Collecting duct

Convergence point which further concentrates urine as it travels to the ureter

What is this?

Transitional epithelium (bladder)

Kidney Anatomy

Testes

Area of Sperm Production

Seminiferous Tubles

Convoluted tubes where spermatids are produced via meiosis

Spermatids

Immature Sperm

Leydig/Interstitial cells

Located outside of the tubules, produce testosterone

Scrotum

Sac of skin that contains testes

Epididymis

Structure coiled around the testes, site of spermatid maturation into spermatozoa

Spermatozoa

Mature Sperm

Vas Deferens

Tube that brings sperm into the body cavity and empties them into the urethra

Ejaculatory Duct

Duct that combines seminal vesicle and duct and vas deferens. This passes through the prostate.

Urethra

Tube that carries sperm and urine out of the body

Penis

Organ containing the urethra, organ for copulation

Seminal Vesicles

Produce about 60% of the total contribution to the semen, secretes fructose and prostaglandins

Prostate/Preputial Gland

Secretes enzyme that help to buffer the acidity of the vagina

Bulbourethral/Cowper’s glad

Secrets a small amount of fluid in humans, usually released as pre-ejaculate which contains a small amount of mature sperm

Inguinal Canal

Hole in the abdominal muscle where the vas deferens enters the body cavity.

Ovary

Organ which produces eggs

Oviduct/Fallopian tube

Site of fertilization, acts as collecting duct for eggs, does not physically touch ovary

Fimbrae

Finger-like projections at the lateral end which creating sweeping movements to draw the eggs(s) into the oviduct

Uterus

Site of implantation, 3 parts in the pig

Uterus Horns

Provide in increased surface area for embryo attachment

Uterus Body

Main, central component of the uterus

Uterus Cervix

Semi-cartilaginous ring of tissue separating the body of the uterus from the vagina.

Vagina

Passage for birth, tube which provides frictional surface to stimulate male ejaculation

Urogenital sinus/ Vaginal Vestituble

Commons tube that recieves from both the urethra and the vagina in the pig

Genital Papillae

Projection that lies just ventral to the urogenital opening in the female pig, homologous to the human clitoris

Hormonal IUD/IUS

Releases progestin hormone into the uterus which thickens cervical mucus and thus inhibits sperm from reaching the egg, thins the uterine lining, or prevent the ovary from releasing eggs.

Copper IUD

prevents sperm from reaching the egg and copper is a natural spermicide.

Goiter

Enlarged Thyroid

What gland produces Oxytocin and ADH?

Hypothalamus

Which gland Releases Oxytocin and ADH?

Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin

Smooth Muscle contraction in the uterus
Constricts ducts in breast to allow milk flow
Smooth muscle contraction during ejaculation

ADH

Water conservation via the kidney distal convoluted ducts

What does the Anterior Pituitary produce and release?

Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH), Endorphins

Growth Hormone

Elongation of the long bones, puberty growth spurt

Prolactin

Milk Production; Increase potency of testosterone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follicle/Egg Development, Sperm Development

Luteinizing Hormone

Triggers Ovulation on Day 14 of menstrual cycle; Production of testosterone by leydig cells

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Production and release of T3 and T4 from thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Production and release of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Darkens the skin after UB exposure by increasing melanin

Endorphins

Natural Pain killer

Estrogens: Mechanism of Action

Ovulation: Inhibits the hypothalamus to suppress FSH and LH release.

Implantation: Prevents the fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.

Ovum Transport: Accelerates the movement of the egg.

Luteolysis: Causes degeneration of the corpus luteum, dropping progesterone levels to prevent placental attachment.

What are the 2 forms of Oral Birth Control

Estrogens and Progestins

Peak Fertility Window

High Risk of Pregnancy:

Timing: Most likely to occur around the time of ovulation.

Sperm Longevity: Sperm can survive for up to 7 days in the female reproductive tract.

Effective Window: Conception is possible if intercourse occurs up to a full week before ovulation happens.

Low Fertility Window

Lowest Risk of Pregnancy:

Pre-Menses: Immediately before the period begins.

During Menses: While menstruation (the period) is actively occurring.

What hormone does the Thyroid produce AND release

Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Calcitonin

T3 & T4

Regulate metabolism, low levels results in lethargy, weight gain)

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels when too high
Causes excess calcium to be stored in the bones

What hormone is produced and released by parathyroid

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

PTH

Raises blood calcium levels when too low. Causes bone breakdown

What 3 hormones does the pancreas produce and release?

Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels when too high
causes conversion of glucose into of glycogen in liver

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels when too low
Causes breakdown of glycogen stored in liver

Somatostatin

Inhibits insulin and glucagon when blood sugar is optimal

What hormones does the Adrenal Gland produce and release

Epinephrine, Noepinephrine, Androgens, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids

Epinephrine and Noepinephrine

Flight or fight response
Shunts blood away from digestive system in favor of the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and lungs

Androgens

Testosterone and regulates the libido/sex drive

Glucocorticoids

Cortisone
reduces inflammation
Raises blood glucose levels by breakdown of lipids and proteins

Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone
Increases Sodium reabsorption by kidneys, leading to greater water retention and increased blood pressure

Where exactly is epinephrine and noepinephrine produce in adrenal gland?

medulla

Where exactly are androgens produced in adrenal gland

Zona reticularis of the cortex

Where exactly are Glucocorticoids produced in adrenal gland

Zona Fasciculata of the cortex

Where exactly are Mineralocorticoids produced in adrenal gland

zona glomerulosa of the cortex

What hormone is produced and released by testes

Androgens (testosterone)

Androgens

Facilitates proper sperm production
Maintains secondary sex characteristics: hair pattern, upper chest development, vocal cord lengthening and thickening, enlargement of genitalia during puberty.

Ovary produces and releases what hormones?

Progesterone & Estrogen

Progesterone

Keeps uterus lining in a thickened state during pregnancy
causes abortion of fetus if levels drop below optimal

Estrogen

Facilitates proper follicle development
maintains secondary sex characteristics:
hair patterns, fat deposition around mammary glands, fat deposition in hips, pelvic girdle bones shallowing and widening

What hormone produced and released in Pineal Gland?

Melatonin

Melatonin

Regulation of circadiun rhythms
Increased levels cause sleepiness

What does thymus produce and release?

Thymosin

Thymosin

Stimulates Development of lymphocytes/ T cells by thymus

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Adrenal Gland

What structure is Arrow pointing to?

Interlobular Vessels

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Arcuate Vessels

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Vein

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Pyramid

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Artery

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Pelvis

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Calyx

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Medulla

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Renal Cortex

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Ureter

What structure is arrow pointing to?

Bowman’s Capsule