Juan J. Linz and alfred stoan Modern nondemocratic regimes

what does democratic transition and consolidation do

involves the movement from nondemocratic to a democratic regime. However specific poloties may vary in paths available for transition and the tasks that a new democracy may face before consolidation

what is the tripatric distinction

Democratic, authoritarian, totalitiairn

what are the differences between authoritarianism and totalitarianism

pluralism

ideology

leadership

mobilization

how does Linz define authoratiranism

politcal systems with limited not responsible, political pluralism, without elaborate and guiding ideology but with distinctive mentalities, without extensive nor intensive poltical mobilization. A leader who occasionally exercises power within formally ill defined traits

what are some conclusions as they relate to authoritarianism

it is apparent that more regimes were authortiran than totalitarian or democratic, additonally authoratiran regimes are not necessarily in transiton

revised typology

democratic, authoratiran, totalitarian, post totalitarian, sultanisitc

what are some features of totaltiranism

elimination of preexisting poltical, economic, and social pluralism

utopian ideology

intensive and extensive mobilization

undefined limits, great unpredictablity

vulnerabilities for elites and none elites

what is group theory a subject of pluralist democratic theory

frames individuals in civil society entering freely fromed interest groups which are autonomous and criss cross groups in civil society their interest and compete in a poltical society to influence state policy

how did soviet pluralism differ from group theory

pluralistic conflict occured in regime created organizations within the party state closer to beucratic politics

what is post totaliariaism

encompasses a continuum from early post totalarianism to frozen post totaliranism to mature post totlaiarmism

how does early post totaliarnism differ from totatalrian

frozen post totalianism- tolerance of some civl society critics, almost all control mechanisms of party state in place

mature post totaliarnism- significant change in all dimensions or post totalarin regime except that the leading role is still sacroscant

how does pluralism in post totalitarian regimes contrast with absences of pluralism in totalitarian regimes

mature post totaltiran countries have more complex play of institutional pluralism within the state than in totaltianism

in contrast to totalairnsim post totalrianim has nore social plurlaism; in matute post totlaitansim there exists second culture of a parallel culture

what are the effects of growing pluralism

a dynamic source of vulnerability for post totalrgian regime and dynamic source of strength for emerging democratic opposition

what does a second culture allow for

a second culture allowed for the generation of followings and opposition organizations

what are the features of post totalrainism

cadre of democratic opposition based in civl society has a greater potential to form democratic political opposition

features the coexistence of state planned economy with extensive partial market

what are some leadership differences in totalitarian and authoritarian leadership

totalitarian leadership is unconstrained by laws and procedures and is often uncharacteristic. leadership can come from revolutionary party or movement=. members are vulnerable to changes

in a linzian scheme authoratian leadership is characterized by a system in which a leader or small group exercises power within ill defined by predictable norms. efforts to coop elite groups into leadership roles. Some autnomy exists in state careers and in military

in ost totaltian countries leadership tends to be beurecraitc and state technocratic than charismatic

are totalrtiran regimes static

they are not static. leadership desire to reduce future leaders absolute discretion serves as a dynamic source of pressure

where does leadership in post totalitarian leadership originate from

exclusive recruited from party members who develop their careers in the party organization, beucracy, technocratic appratus which contrasts with authoritarian regimes. as the norm is for the regime to coopt leadership from groups or power which does not derive power from the regime

what causes a transition from totalitarian governance to post totaltiriann

the desire to resist the personalized leadership of the first secretary ideologue. it can also leader to the oligrich leadership of gaining men supported by the nomenclatura. attempts at reunification at the top by recruiting outside is normally very limited

what is the role of idelogy in a totalrgian system and post totalitarian system

growing empirical disjunction between official ideological claims and reality when procduces lessens ideological commitment on the part of the cadres and on the part of society, additonally many critics in civl society emerge out of the ranks of former true belivers