GENERAL CHEMISTRY

just the important points on general chemistry that is pure memorization

Democritus

coined the term “atom” for the smallest identifiable unit of matter

John Dalton

Known as the father of modern atomic theory, __________ proposed that elements are made of indivisible atoms and formulated the Law of Multiple Proportions.

JJ Thomson

He discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube experiment and proposed the "Plum Pudding" model of the atom.

Ernest Rutherford

He discovered the nucleus and protons through his famous Gold Foil Experiment, proving that atoms are mostly empty space. Developed the nuclear model.

James Chadwick

He discovered the neutron, the uncharged subatomic particle located inside the nucleus of an atom.

Niels Bohr

He proposed the Planetary Model of the atom, where electrons travel around the nucleus in distinct, quantized circular orbits/energy levels.

Robert Millikan

Measured the elementary electric charge through the oil drop experiment.

Erwin Schrodinger

Devised the quantum model where electrons lie dynamically in electron clouds rather than in fixed energy levels.

Antoine Lavoisier

Often called the Father of Modern Chemistry, __________ formulated the Law of Conservation of Mass and named Oxygen.

Dmitri Mendeleev

He is credited with creating the first version of the Periodic Table, arranging elements by increasing atomic mass, atomic volume, and predicting undiscovered elements.

Henry Moseley

He revised the periodic table by organizing elements by their atomic number (nuclear charge) instead of mass, establishing the modern Periodic Law.

H+1

hydrogen charge

Li+1

lithium charge

Na+1

sodium charge

K+1

potassium charge

Ag+1

silver charge

Cu+1

cuprous charge

mercurous charge

Mg+2

magnesium charge

Ca+2

calcium charge

Sr+2

strontium charge

Ba+2

barium charge

Cu+2

cupric charge

Zn+2

zinc charge

Cd+2

cadmium charge

Mn+2

manganese charge

Hg+2

mercuric charge

Fe+2

ferrous charge

Fe+3

ferric charge

Co+2

cobaltous charge

Co+3

cobaltic charge

Ni+2

nickelous charge

Ni+3

nickelic charge

Sn+2

stannous charge

Sn+4

stannic charge

Pb+2

plumbous charge

Pb+4

plumbic charge

Al+3

aluminum charge

Bi+3

bismuth charge

Cr+3

chromium charge

F-1

flouride charge

Cl-1

chloride charge

Br-1

bromide charge

I-

iodide charge

H-

hydride charge

O-2

oxide charge

S-2

sulfide charge

N-3

nitride charge

XO-

hypohalite

XO-2

halite

XO-3

halate

XO-4

perhalate

OH-

hydroxide

O2-2

peroxide

CN-

cyanide

CNO-

cyanate

SCN-

thiocyanate

NO2-

nitrite

NO3-

nitrate

SO3-2

sulfite

SO4-2

sulfate

S2O3-2

thiosulfate

CrO4-2

chromate

Cr2O7-2

dichromate

BO3-3

bromate

B4O7-2

tetraborate

KMnO4-

permanganate

CO3-2

carbonate

HCO3-

bicarbonate

PO4-3

orthophosphate/tertiary phosphate

HPO4-2

secondary phosphate

HPO4-2

hydrogen phosphate

HPO4-2

biphosphate

H2PO4-

primary phosphate

H2PO4-

dihydrogen phosphate

Fe(CN)6-4

ferrocyanide

Fe(CN)6-3

ferricyanide