CHEM - Unit 8: Solutions

Factors affecting rate of dissolving

higher temperature → faster solubility

shaking → faster solubility

particle size → faster solubility (surface area)

boosts frequency and energy of collisions

Factors impacting solubility of solids

increasing temperature → increasing solubility

Factors impacting solubility of gases

increasing temperature → decreasing solubility

increasing pressure → increasing solubility

Solubility graphs

A point on the line is a saturated solution.

Above the line is supersaturated.

Below the line is unsaturated.

Mixture

combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances

Heterogeneous

Consists of visibly different substances

Homogeneous mixture

same uniform appearance

Solute

substance being dissolved

Solvent

substance doing the dissolving

Intermolecular forces while dissolving

partial positive and negative charges of an ion bond with positive and negative charges of water forming a hydration shell

Polar dissolves polar

Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

Bonds in endothermic reaction

breaking bonds

Bonds in exothermic reaction

forming bonds

calculating heat

mass of whatever the question asks for (solution vs solute)

Unsaturated

solute can still be added to solvent (below curve)

Saturated

solvent can no longer hold anymore solute and solid forms at bottom (on curve)

Supersaturated

solution is heated up and cooled so it contains more solute than a saturated solution can hold (above curve)

Molarity

concentration that expresses moles of solute in 1 liter of solutionp

ppm

mg of solute/ volume of water in liter

1/1,000,000