paychology study guide

The empirical method of study is based on

Observation of phenomena

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is an example of an o active measure by functionalists

Examination of anatomy and physiology

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis

A tentative explanation

What do structuralism, gestalt psychology, and sigmund Freud all have in common

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience

In the study of personality, the —— model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual

Five factor

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and /or countries

A dissertation

Simplicity of conducting the study is to —— as ability to test large numbers of participants into ——-

Archival research; naturalistic observation

The scientific process is ———, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning

Circular

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was

Margert floy Washburn

In a —— study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

Double blind

—- assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

Inter-rater reliability

— is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

Surveys

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and effect conclusions

Experimental

Repetition of an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results

Replication

A(N)——- is conducted in to determine whether there are Meaningful differences between two groups in a study

Statistical analysis

The fact that some known studies have been repeated without finding result, consistent with those Indonesia report describes —— That is currently affecting research in psychology all the fields

Replication crisis

Henry Gustav Molaision had Brain surgery for which of the following reasons

He has severe seizures

Kelsey had a ct scan that showed a tumor in their right frontal cortex, which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place

Motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

People who have their corpus callosum Severe for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to

Only the right visual field

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca’s area

The —- of a neuron contain —— that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system

Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The ——- is the difference in charge between the intracellular and the extra cellular space of a neuron

Membrane potential

One example of ——- is the differences between hemispheres and the areas on the line, language function

Lateralization

The space between two neurons is called the

Synapse

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression

Dopamine: acetylcholine

The —- nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

Parasympathetic

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing—-

Temperature, touch and pain

— is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions are mainted at optimal levels

Homeostasis

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads

Androgens

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding —-

Genetics and evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior

Select correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives with the earliest perspective list of first

Structuralism functionalism behavioralism humanism

when studying personality traits, someone who is hard-working, dependable, and organized with score high on the —- trait

Conscientious

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for doctorate in psychology, but was denied a degree because of sex?

Mary whiton calkins

Which individual wrote principles of Psychological psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of psychology at the university of leipzig

Wilhelm Wundt

Why is scientific research important

It helps has understand the world using evidence rather than intuition, authority, or luck

What is scientific knowledge based on

Empirical evidence

What does empirical mean?

Based on objective, observable and measurable evidence

Why should we think critically about information

To evaluate evidence and avoid being misled by unsupported claims

How can research influence public policy

It helps leaders make evidence based decisions about programs and funding

Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology

Francis Sumner

Who was the first American women to earn a PhD in psychology

Inez prosser

Who was the first female president of the APA

Mary Whiton Calkins

What is the scientific method?

A process of testing ideas through observation and evidence

What is a theory?

A well developed explanation for observed phenomena

What is a hypothesis?

a testable prediction

How are theories and hypothesis related

Theories generate hypothesis that can be tested

What is deductive reasoning?

Testing a general idea or hypothesis with observations

What is inductive reasoning?

Using observations to develop broader ideas or theories

Deductive reasoning moves from - to -

Theory-observation

Inductive reasoning moves from - to -

Observation - theory

What does falsifiable mean?

Capable of being proven wrong through evidence

Why is falsifiability important?

It allows scientific ideas to be tested

Why were many of frauds theories criticized

Many were not falsifiable

Who is famous for naturalistic observation of chimpanzees

Jane Goodhall

What is archival research?

Research using existing records and documents.

What is correlational research?

Research that identifies relationships between variables

What is the only way to determine cause and effect

Experiment

What is observer bias?

When an observer expectations influence observations

What is inter-rater reliability?

Consistency of observations between different observers

What is ecological validity?

The degree to which findings reflect real world behavior

What is a sample

A subset of the population

What is longitudinal research

Studying the same people over for a long period of time

What is cross-sectional research?

Comparing different age groups at the same time

What is attrition

Participants dropping out of a study over time

What is correlation?

A relationship between two variables

What does a positive correlation mean?

As one variable increases, the other increases

What does a correlation of 0 mean

No relationship

Why doesn't correlation indicate causation

Because the variable may be causing the relation

What is a confounding variable

A third variable that may explain the relationship between two variables

What is an illusory correlation?

Believing a relationship exists when it actually does not

What is confirmation bias?

Looking for a Odense that supports a belief while ignoring evidence that contradicts

What is an example experiment group

The group that receives the treatment

What is a control group?

the group that does not receive the treatment

What is an operational definition?

A precise description of how variables should be measured

What is experimenter bias

When a researchers expectations influence results

placebo effect

Expectations influence outcomes

placebo

A fake treatment with no active ingredient

Independent variable

Variable manipulated by researcher

Which variable causes the change

Independent variable

Why is random sampling important?

It helps create a representative sample

Why is random assignment important

It reduces preexisting differences between groups

What does a negative correlation mean

as one variable increases, the other decreases

Reliability

Consistency producing the same results

Validity

Measuring what you intend to measure

What is the purpose of IRB

To protect the rights, safety and well being of participants

informed consent

A document explaining the study, risks, benefits and participants right before participation

What is debriefing?

Explaining the true purpose of the study after participation

Purpose of IACUC

To ensure human and ethical treatment of animals

IACUC

A committee that review law research involving animals

Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Charles Darwin

What is natural selection?

Organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What is DNA?

Genetic material that carries hereditary information.

What is a chromosome?

A long strand of DNA.

How many chromosomes does a human have?

46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Gene

A segment of dna that influences traits

Allele

Specific version of a gene

Genotype

a person's genetic makeup

Phenotype

Observable traits of an organism influenced by genes and environment

What's the difference between genotype and phenotype

Genotype is genetic code- phenotype is visible expression of the code