psychology 321 Exam 3

To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, a researcher would need to ask which of the following questions?

What can i do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participant’s

What are the Belmont Report three core princicples?

Respect for persons, beneficences, and justice

What is respect for person?

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection.

What is Beneficences?

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being. Also called concern for welfare.

What is justice?

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.

Striving to be accurate, truthful and honest in one’s role as a researcher is part of the APA general principle of?

Integrity

Dr. Reyes is conducting a study where she watches children playing and measures aggression. She is concerned that children will behave differently because of presence of her research assistants. This is known as?

Reactivity

Another word for observer effect is?

Expectancy effects

Which of the following solutions would address the problem of “Trying to look good” with Questions like “I am always a good listener, no matter who I am talking to”.

Including questions that address high social desirable responding

Which of the following is another term for response sets?

Nondifferenation

Which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals

Minimizing harm

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

They impede scientific progress

When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must be researcher do?

Explicitly inform participants of any potential risk involved in participating in the study

Professor Ko has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching Research Methods and Introduction to Psychology. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Ko's likely population of interest?

All student

To follow the APA principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence, a researcher should ask:

How can I maximize benefits while minimizing harm to participants?

The Milgram study is best known for raising concerns about what issue?

Ethical treatment of participants under psychological stress

The Tuskegee study is an example of which ethical violation?

Failure to treat participants ethically and lack of informed consent

To reduce observer bias, a researcher should use which method?

Masked (blind) design

When participants change behavior because they are being watched, this is called?

Reactivity

Asking two questions in one (e.g., “Are you happy and motivated?”) is what type of problem?

Double-barreled question

When participants agree with everything on a survey, this is known as?

Acquiescence (yea-saying)

When participants choose the middle option to avoid extremes, this is called?

Fence sitting

When participants try to present themselves positively, this is called?

Socially desirable responding (faking good)

What type of question allows participants to answer freely in their own words?

Open-ended question

A scale that ranges from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” is called?

Likert scale

Which of the following results in an unrepresentative sample?

Snow ball sample

Which of the following results in an unrepresentative sample?

Systematic sample

What type of claim states that two variables are related but not necessarily causal?

Association claim

The ability to generalize results to a larger population refers to?

External validity

Ensuring that a study shows a true cause-and-effect relationship refers to?

Internal validity

Selecting participants because they are easy to reach is called?

Convenience sampling

Allowing participants to volunteer themselves into a study leads to what problem?

Self-selection bias

A sample that accurately represents a population is called?

Representative (probability) sample

Randomly selecting participants from a population is known as?

Random sampling

Randomly assigning participants to different groups in an experiment is called?

Random assignment

Increasing sample size generally has what effect?

Reduces margin of error

Fabricating data means?

Making up data that were never collected

Falsifying data means?

Altering existing data to misrepresent results

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims

The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

Quota vs. Stratified Sampling?

Quota = no random selection

Stratified = random selection

Stratified vs. Cluster Sampling?

Stratified: Sample from every group

Cluster: Randomly pick some groups, then include everyone in them

Probability vs. Nonprobability

Probability = random → representative

Nonprobability = non-random → biased

What are the types of probability sampling?

Simple random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

What are the types of Nonprobability Sampling?

Convenience sampling

Quota sampling

Purposive sampling

Snowball sampling

Does a bigger sample = better sample?

No

To ensure a sample represents specific subgroups proportionally, a researcher should use which method?

Stratified random sampling

A researcher specifically selects participants with a certain characteristic (e.g., only athletes). This is called?

Purposive sampling

Which sampling method is MOST likely to introduce bias?

Convenience sampling

When participants intentionally answer in a posative or extreme way, this is called?

Faking good

Which ethical guideline is specific to animal research?

The Three Rs (reduction, refinement, replacement)

researcher divides a population into groups and then randomly selects participants from only some of those groups. What sampling method is this MOST likely describing?

Cluster sampling

A researcher ensures that participants are treated with dignity and their autonomy is respected. Which Belmont principle is this?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Respect for persons
D) Integrity

Answer: C) Respect for persons

A study ensures that risks are minimized while benefits are maximized. This reflects which principle?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Fidelity and responsibility
D) Respect for persons

Answer: B) Beneficence

A researcher makes sure that all social groups have equal access to both the benefits and burdens of research. This is:
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Integrity
D) Nonmaleficence

Answer: A) Justice

Which APA principle emphasizes honesty and accuracy in research reporting?
A) Justice
B) Integrity
C) Beneficence
D) Respect for dignity

Answer: B) Integrity

A researcher withholds the true purpose of a study but does NOT lie. This is called:
A) Commission
B) Omission
C) Fabrication
D) Falsification

Answer: B) Omission

A researcher tells participants false information about the study purpose. This is:
A) Omission
B) Commission
C) Deception by default
D) Debriefing

Answer: B) Commission

What is the main purpose of debriefing?
A) To increase sample size
B) To test participants again
C) To explain deception and clarify the study
D) To get consent after the study

Answer: C) To explain deception and clarify the study

When is deception ethically acceptable?
A) Always
B) Never
C) When it is necessary and minimal harm is ensured
D) When participants are paid

Answer: C) When it is necessary and minimal harm is ensured

Using someone else’s ideas without credit is:
A) Fabrication
B) Falsification
C) Plagiarism
D) Deception

Answer: C) Plagiarism