anatomy exam 3

Composed of the skin (largest organ of the body by weight)

integummentary system

the integummentary system as also know as the also known as the_______ membrane, and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, receptors)

cutaneous

epidermis is what type of tissue cell

stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis lacks ____

blood cells

the deepest layer of epidermis is the ______ which is nourished by blood vessels in dermis

stratum basale

as cells grow in epidermis, they __________________, away from nutrient supply

migrate toward free surface

as cells in epidermis migrate towards free surface, older cells aka ___________, begin to flatten and die

keratinocytes

process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outwards

Keratinization

Tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in cells

keratin

As cells reach outer surface, become tightly packed, develop desmosomes, form outermost layer-

stratum cornuem

In healthy skin, the production of epidermal cells is closely balanced with the

loss of skin cells

thickest skin is found on

palms and soles

most of the body has _____ epidermis

thin

funtions of epidermis- protect against ____ loss, harmful ______, mechanical ______, and _______

water loss, chemicals, injury, pathogens

extra credit question - favorite bone

sphenoid bone

Strata of the Epidermis (Big Sexy Girls Like Cake )

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

deepest layer of epidermis. single row of cuboial or columnar cells

stratum basale

many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei that become flattened as the move superficially from the developing keratin

stratum spinosum

3-5 layers of flattened granular cells containing fibers or keratin and shriveled nuclei

stratum granulosum

Found only in thick skin cells appear clear. The organelles and cel membranes are not visible

stratum lucidum

outermost layer. Many layers of flattened, keratinized, dead epithelial cells

stratum corneum

special cell in epidermis that is found in stratum spinosumm. Phagocytes; protect skin and underlying tissues from infections

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells

Found in stratum basale, along with sensory nerve endings, for tactile discs in dermis, acts as sensory receptors for light touch

Tactile (Merkel) cells

specialized cell found in stratum basale, produce the pigment melanin, absorbs uv light from sunlight and provides skin color

Melanocytes

Skin color results mainly from

Melanin pigment

brownish-black bigment of epidermis

Eumelanin

reddish yellow pigment found in certain areas

Pheomelanin

increased blood in the area can cause pink/red blushing of skin. Lack of blood in area can cause bluish color from lack of oxygen in blood

hemoglobin

yellowing from build up of bilirubin. Seen in infants and people with liver failure

jaundice

Dermis is _____ than epidermis

thicker

the dermis contains projections called ____ between epidermal ridges

dermal papillae

the dermis binds epidermis to

underlying tissues

The dermis is a Connective tissue layer (mostly dense regular), containing ____ fibers, and ____ ____ processes

muscle, nerve cell

___________ Supply nutrients to all epidermal cells

dermal blood vessels

the dermis contains ____ ________, _______, and ________ glands

hair follicles, sweat, sebaceous

dermis contains sensory receptor for pressure called

Pancinian corpuscle

dermis contains sersory gland for light touch called

meissners corpuscles

what is the insulating layer beneath dermis

Subcutaneous layer/ Hypodermis

connective tissue found in hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer

areolar and adipose

the hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer is

not considered part of skin

3 parts of nail

Nail plate (body), nail bed, nail matrix

visible portion, keratinized cells, overlies nail beds

Nail plate (body)

surface of skin under nail plate

nail bed

active growth region, not visible, at proximal end of nail beds

nail matrix

tube like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops; extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer

hair follicle

attached to hair follicle, contracts in response to cold or fear, causes goosebumps

arrector pili

Most numberous sweat gland, consists mainly of water, some salts, wastes

Eccrine

eccrine responds to

increased body temp

eccrine glands are open to body surface _____ _____-

through pores

Gland in axillary and and groin areas; open into hair follicles

apocrine glands

apocrine glands respond to

emotions, pain, pheromones

ceruminous glands

ears

mammary glands

milk

functions of skin (PB, S, E, PVD, RBT)

protective barrier, sensation , excretion, production of vitamin D, regulation of body temperature

primary method of heat loss through skin, infrared heat rays travel from warmer skin the cooler environment

radiation

method of heat loss through skin, heat moves from warmer skin to cooler objects it is in contact with

conduction

method of heat loss thru skin, Heat loss from skin into circulating air currents

convection

method of heat loss thru skin, Heat is lost through sweat as it evaporates, and carries heat away from the skin

evaporation

thermorecepters signal hypothalamus, Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels, Vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels, Sweat glands are activated. this is a reaction to an increase or decrease in body temp

increase

Thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus, Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels, Vasodilation of deep blood vessels, Sweat glands are inactive, Muscles contract involuntarily (shivering). reaction to an increase or decrease in body temp

decrease

normal response to injury or stress, attempt to restrict spread of infection

inflammation of skin

blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues

inflammation

Inflammed skin may become: (R,S,W,P)

red, swollen, warm, painful

only affects epidermis, results in epidermal cells along its margin dividing more rapidly than usual, to fill gap

shallow cut

reaching dermis or subcutaneous layer, results in blood vessels breaking; released blood forms a clot:

deep cut

after a deep cut, blood will form clot which consists of

fibrin, blood cells, platelets

clot and dried tissue fluid from

scab

after a cut and scab formation, epithelial cells will reproduce and

fill the wound

during deep wound healing process, _______ secrete collagen fibers to bind wound together

fibroblasts

during wound healing, growth factors stimulate ____ ______ _______

new tissue formation

during wound healing, _______ cells remove dead cells and debris, scab sloughs off

phagocytic

during wound healing, excess collagenous fibers may form elevated mass called

scar

superficial, partial thickness burn, injures only epidermis

1st degree

1st deg burn heals in days-to weeks, no scarring, examples include

sunburns and minor burns

deep, partial thickness, destroys epidermis and some dermis, may blister, stem cells in hair follicles help to regenerate , usually no scarring

2nd degree

examples and 2nd degree burn

severe sunburns and hot water

full thickness burn, destroys dermis, epidermis, and accessory structures, requires skin graft

3rd degree

skin burn severity is measured by the

rule of 9s

the rule of 9s estimates the severity of skin burns and figures

plans for hydration and skin

during aging, epidermis becomes _____, loss of _____ leaving person feeling ___

thinner, fat, cold

wrinkling, sagging of skin occur due to

decreased collagen and elastin

bones in the arm, (Humerus, radius, ulna) and leg (femur, tibia, fibula).

long bones

wrist and ankle bones, cube like, include sesamoid bones, which are embedded in tendons

short

ex- skull bones, plate like

Flat bones

Vertebrate is example of what type of bone?

Irregular

Provide shape, protect, aid movement , produce blood cells, store inorganic salts. These are all functions of what?

Bones

Part of long bone: expanded end

Epiphysis

Part of long bone: bone shaft

Diaphysis

Part of long bone:between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part

Metaphysis

Part of long bone: covers epiphysis

articular cartilage

Part of long bone: encloses bone; dense connective tissue

Periosteum

Part of long bone: hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow

Medullary cavity

Part of long bone: lines spaces, cavity

Endosteum

Part of long bone: Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces

Bone marrow

Nature bone cells

Osteocytes

Make bones

Osteoblasts

Break down bone

Osteoclasts

cylindrical units called osteons. Osteons and layers of matrix, lamellae, cluster around central canal in each osteon. What type of bone is this

Compact

Strong and solid, Weight-bearing, Resists compression

Compact bone

branching plates called trabeculae, Somewhat flexible, spaces between trabeculae that reduce the bone’s weight

Spongey bone