Elizabeth I - Foreign Policy

AQA History A-level Elizabeth I revision

What 5 countries were the main recipients of Elizabeth’s foreign policy?

• Scotland

• France

• Spain

• The Netherlands

• Ireland

Who ruled Scotland at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

Mary of Guise

Who did MQS first marry and when?

• Francis II, the Prince and then in 1559 the king of France

• 1558

What was an early triumph for Elizabeth in her foreign policy with Scotland?

The 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh, marking when the English navy caused French troops that had been suppressing Protestant lords to withdraw from Scotland

When did Mary Stewart’s husband, Francis II, die?

1560

Who did Mary Stewart marry after Francis II and when?

• Lord Darnley

• 1565

Who was Mary Stewart’s son with Lord Darnley and when was he born?

• James VI

• 1566

Who did Mary marry after the mysterious death of Lord Darnley and when?

• Lord Bothwell

• 1567

What did Mary Stewart’s marriage to Lord Bothwell cause (2 points)?

• Outrage in the Scottish nobles

• Mary being forced to abdicate in 1567

When did MQS flee to England?

1568

What did Elizabeth do to MQS when she fled to England?

Placed her under house arrest for 19 years

What 4 rebellions did MQS feature in?

• Revolt of the Northern Earls

• Ridolfi Plot

• Throckmorton Plot

• Babington Plot

When and where did Elizabeth execute MQS?

On the 8th of February 1587 at Fotheringhay

Through what did Elizabeth secure the neutrality of Scotland/James VI and how was this accomplished?

• 1586 Treaty of Berwick

• It secured the northern border with a pension

What was the 1586 Treaty of Berwick and what did it ensure?

• Defensive alliance with James VI

• Ensured that Scotland remained neutral while Elizabeth fought Spain

What did James VI achieve when he inherited the throne of England in 1603?

The Union of the Crowns

What treaty with France officially lost Calais and what did this achieve?

• The 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

• It ended the ongoing war with France

What Treaty followed the English aid to the French Huguenots in order to regain Calais?

The 1562 Treaty of Hampton Court

What was an embarrassment to the English in the early years of Elizabeth’s reign concerning foreign policy with the French?

The failure of the Huguenots and their making of peace with the Catholic French General

In which Treaty did the English surrender all rights to Calais and what change did this mark in Elizabeth’s foreign policy?

• The 1564 Treaty of Troyes

• Elizabeth became permanently wary of supporting rebels, learning that intervention is costly and unreliable

What action showed Elizabeth how dangerous the potential threat from France was, and when did this occur?

• St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

• 1572

What did the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre immediately follow?

The marriage of the Catholic Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre

Through what treaty did England and France form a defensive alliance against Spain and when did this occur?

The 1572 Treaty of Blois

What did the 1572 Treaty of Blois render unnecessary?

It made Elizabeth’s marriage to the Duke of Anjou unnecessary

When did the Duke of Anjou die?

1584

When did the Protestant Henry IV (originally Henry of Navarre) become king of France?

1589

What did Elizabeth see Henry IV of France as?

A potentially valuable ally to act as a buffer for England on the continent

When did the Duke of Parma invade France from the Spanish Netherlands?

1590

Who invaded France from the Spanish Netherlands in 1590?

The Duke of Parma

When did Elizabeth send a force to Normandy to aid Henry IV after the Duke of Parma’s invasion and who was it led by?

• 1592

• Robert Devereux

When did Henry IV convert to Catholicism, but what remained despite this?

• 1593

• England’s alliance with France

When was there an uneasy peace with Spain?

1558-1567

Why was there an initially an uneasy peace between England and Spain?

Philip II initially wanted an alliance to guard against French ambition

What ended the uneasy peace between England and Spain?

The 1568 Genoese Loan where Elizabeth seizes Spanish gold intended for Alba’s army

How did Spain respond to the 1568 Genoese Loan?

A trade embargo

When did the Pope excommunicate Elizabeth as a heretic and what did it cause Philip to do?

• 1570

• Support plots (e.g. Ridolfi in 1571)

In what was Elizabeth isolated?

The 1584 Treaty of Joinville which was a secret alliance between Spain and the French Catholic League

When was the formal start of the Anglo-Spanish War?

1585

When was the Spanish Armada?

1588

Name the main 3 causes of English victory at the Spanish Armada in 1588:

• Naval design

• Fire-ships

• Storms

When did Lord Effingham lead a raid on Spain and who accompanied him?

• 1596

• Walter Raleigh and Robert Devereux

How many men did Lord Effingham take on his 1596 raid on Spain?

80,000

What did Lord Effingham’s 1596 raid on Spain result in?

The capture of Cadiz and the destruction of nearly 50 warships

When was the Second Spanish Armada?

1596

What was the outcome of the 1596 Second Spanish Armada?

It was battered by storms and returned to Spain, leaving Philip II bankrupt

Where did the Second Spanish Armada intend to invade England from?

Ireland

What 2 things happened between England and Spain in 1597?

• Devereux and Raleigh disasterously try to raid Spain

• Unsuccessful Third Spanish Armada

What was the Peace Treaty of Vervins and when was it signed?

• Peace treaty between Spain and France

• 1598

When was the Final Armada launched?

1601

What were the dates of the 4 Spanish Armadas?

• 1588

• 1596

• 1597

• 1601

When was the Peace Treaty that ended the Anglo-Spanish war?

1604 (after Elizabeth’s death)

Who became Lord of the Seventeen Provinces and when did he receive this title?

• Philip II

• 1555

When did the Netherlands (ruled by Philip II) issue a trade embargo on England and why?

• 1563

• Plague and unrestrained piracy in the English channel

When was the Anglo-Spanish trade embargo lifted?

1564

What happened in the Netherlands from 1566-67?

The Duke of Alba led 10,000 troops into the Netherlands to crush Dutch rebels who were revolting against their Catholic overlords

How did the Geneoese Loan impact the Netherlands?

The bullion which Elizabeth stole to being transported to fund Alba’s armies

What happened in the Netherlands in 1576?

• Spain went bankrupt and their forces mutinied, causing the Dutch to unite in demanding the Pacification of Ghent, which was agreed to by Don Juan

• Philip then send the Duke of Parma, a much stronger leader

When was the Pacification of Ghent?

1576

When did Elizabeth start to fund resistance against the Duke of Parma in the Netherlands?

1581

What action did Elizabeth take in the Netherlands which effectively started the Anglo-Spanish War?

• 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch where Elizabeth sent 6,000 men under the Earl of Leicester

What did Elizabeth become after the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch?

The “Defender of the Netherlands”

When did England recognise the Netherlands as a sovereign state and what was this enshrined in?

• 1596

• 1596 Triple Alliance

Since when had England controlled Ireland?

Since the 1541 Policy of Plantations

What caused trouble in Ireland?

The fact that many clans resisted English laws and remained loyal to the Catholic Church

At what battle did Tyrone’s army crush English forces and what did they claim?

• The 1598 Battle of Yellow Ford

• That they would crush the Policy of Plantations

Who did Tyrone have connections with?

Spain

When was the Earl of Essex sent to Ireland and who replaced him?

• 1599

• Lord Mountjoy

In what battle did Lord Mountjoy defeat combined Spanish and Irish forces?

• 1601 Battle of Kinsale

When did Tyrone surrender?

1603 (6 days after Elizabeth’s death)

When was the rebellion in Ireland and what was it called?

• 1598-1603

• The Hugh O’Neill Rebellion

What did Robert Devereux do when he was sent to Ireland and what was the consequence?

• He disobeyed the queen’s orders by signing an unapproved truce in September 1599

• He was banished from court and lost his monopolies

What did Essex/Robert Devereux try to do in response to his loss of position and monopolies?

He tried to seize strategic places in London

When was the Essex Rebellion?

February 1601

When was Essex executed?

25th Feb 1601

What originally inspired Essex’s bitterness?

Elizabeth’s promotion of Robert Cecil at court

What did Essex do to gain public support?

Staged Richard II with a scene featuring the deposition of a monarch to inspire public sympathy

How many conspirators did the Essex Rebellion have and what close friend of Essex’s did this include?

• 8

• The Earl of Southampton

How many people joined the Essex Rebellion?

140