Comprehensive Chemistry Reference Guide: Periodic Trends, Nomenclature, Polyatomic Ions, Acids, Solubility, and Reactivity

Molecular prefix indicating four atoms in a binary molecular compound

Tetra-

Common polyatomic ion that acts as a cation

Ammonium ($NH_4^+$)

Chemical formula of nitric acid

$$HNO_3$$

Electronegativity difference range corresponding to a polar covalent bond

$0.6$ to $1.9$

Cations that form insoluble precipitates when combined with chloride ($Cl^-$)

$Ag^+$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$

Extraction method required for metals positioned above carbon in the reactivity series

Electrolysis

Solubility behavior of carbonate ($CO_3^{2-}$) salts

Insoluble in water, except when paired with Group $1$ (IA) cations or $NH_4^+$

Common oxidation states (charges) exhibited by multivalent lead ($Pb$) and tin ($Sn$)

$2+$ and $4+$

Reactivity condition required for a metal to displace hydrogen from an acid

The metal must be positioned above hydrogen ($H$) in the reactivity series

Chemical formula for sulfuric acid

$$H_2SO_4$$

Molecular prefix indicating four atoms in a binary molecular compound

Tetra-

Common polyatomic ion that acts as a cation

Ammonium ($NH_4^+$)

Chemical formula of nitric acid

$$HNO_3$$

Electronegativity difference range corresponding to a polar covalent bond

$0.6$ to $1.9$

Cations that form insoluble precipitates when combined with chloride ($Cl^-$)

$Ag^+$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$

Extraction method required for metals positioned above carbon in the reactivity series

Electrolysis

Solubility behavior of carbonate ($CO_3^{2-}$) salts

Insoluble in water, except when paired with Group $1$ (IA) cations or $NH_4^+$

Common oxidation states (charges) exhibited by multivalent lead ($Pb$) and tin ($Sn$)

$2+$ and $4+$

Reactivity condition required for a metal to displace hydrogen from an acid

The metal must be positioned above hydrogen ($H$) in the reactivity series

Chemical formula for sulfuric acid

$$H<em>2SO</em>4$$

Element with atomic number $1$ and symbol $H$

Hydrogen

Element with atomic number $2$ and symbol $He$

Helium

Element with atomic number $3$ and symbol $Li$

Lithium

Element with atomic number $4$ and symbol $Be$

Beryllium

Element with atomic number $5$ and symbol $B$

Boron

Element with atomic number $6$ and symbol $C$

Carbon

Element with atomic number $7$ and symbol $N$

Nitrogen

Element with atomic number $8$ and symbol $O$

Oxygen

Element with atomic number $9$ and symbol $F$

Fluorine

Element with atomic number $10$ and symbol $Ne$

Neon

Element with atomic number $11$ and symbol $Na$

Sodium

Element with atomic number $12$ and symbol $Mg$

Magnesium

Element with atomic number $13$ and symbol $Al$

Aluminium

Element with atomic number $14$ and symbol $Si$

Silicon

Element with atomic number $15$ and symbol $P$

Phosphorus

Element with atomic number $16$ and symbol $S$

Sulfur

Element with atomic number $17$ and symbol $Cl$

Chlorine

Element with atomic number $18$ and symbol $Ar$

Argon

Element with atomic number $19$ and symbol $K$

Potassium

Element with atomic number $20$ and symbol $Ca$

Calcium

Transition metal with symbol $Fe$ and atomic number $26$

Iron

Transition metal with symbol $Cu$ and atomic number $29$

Copper

Transition metal with symbol $Zn$ and atomic number $30$

Zinc

Transition metal with symbol $Ag$ and atomic number $47$

Silver

Transition metal with symbol $Au$ and atomic number $79$

Gold

Transition metal with symbol $Hg$ and atomic number $80$

Mercury

Post-transition metal with symbol $Pb$ and atomic number $82$

Lead

Post-transition metal with symbol $Sn$ and atomic number $50$

Tin

Halogen element with symbol $Br$ and atomic number $35$

Bromine

Halogen element with symbol $I$ and atomic number $53$

Iodine