Science

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where nuclear membranes reform and the cell begins to divide.

Mitosis

Process that produces 2 identical daughter cells for growth and repair, retaining the full chromosome number.

Meiosis

Process that produces 4 gametes with half the chromosome number, a key process for sexual reproduction.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material; regulates cell functions and reproduction.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis; translates mRNA into proteins.

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells; contains chlorophyll for capturing sunlight.

Golgi Body

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Cell Wall

Provides structural support and protection in plant cells; mainly made of cellulose.

Lysosome

Contains enzymes for digestion; breaks down waste and cellular debris.

Vacuole (Plant Cells)

Large central vacuole for storage and maintaining turgidity.

Vacuole (Animal Cells)

Smaller and more numerous; involved in transport and storage.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP.

Cell Membrane

Barrier that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Centriole

Involved in cell division; helps in the formation of spindle fibers.

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of organization; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

DNA

Molecule of life, contains genetic information responsible for characteristics and functions of living organisms.

Genes

Segments of DNA that code for proteins, influencing traits.

Chromosomes

Structures that organize and package DNA, visible during cell division.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus; contain organelles. Examples: Plants, animals, fungi, protists.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Example: Bacteria.

Mitosis

Produces 2 identical daughter cells for growth and repair; retains the full chromosome number.

Meiosis

Produces 4 gametes with half the chromosome number; a key process for sexual reproduction.

Stages of Mitosis

Includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Each stage has specific events.

Function of the Microscope

Use proper handling techniques to avoid damage to slides and objectives. Magnification achieved by combining eyepiece and objective lenses.