AP World: 1750-1900

The Enlightenment

Philosophical movement prioritizing rationality over religion, introducing ideas such as liberalism, natural rights,and social contract.

Natural Rights

The enlightenment concept that humans are inherently entitled to life, liberty, and property

Social Contract

The enlightenment concept that citizens were in a relationship with their government in which they agreed to follow laws in return for their protection. They also had the right to overthrow any government that didn’t serve them.

Democracy

Political system in which every member of society could participate within the government

Liberalism

Political system in which personal liberty, equal rights, and a small non-overpowering government were prioritized.

Women’s suffrage

Women’s right to participate in elections

Olympus de Gouges

French feminist, wrote declaration of rights of women and female citizen

Declaration of Independence

American declaration of nationality from Britain, written by founding fathers and Thomas Jefferson

Rights of Man and Citizen

Founding doctrine of French Revolution, centered around Enlightenment ideals

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French slavery

Napoleon Bonaparte

French dictator and general, leader of the neapolitic wars

Simón Bolivar

Leader of Latin Revolutions, wrote letter of Jamaica

Urbanization

Process of concentration of large groups of people within cities, occurred during the Industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution

Period of economic, social, and political change worldwide based upon development of new technology, commercialization, and changing global power balance

American Civil War

War between American North and South, mainly based around slavery

Catherine the Great

Focused on modernizing the Russian army and expanded the country massively

Meiji Restoration

Period of rapid industrialization and westernization in Japan, led to their presence in global powers

First Industrial Revolution

Earlier period, driven by coal and steam power

Second Industrial Revolution

Later period of industrialization, driven by oil and gas

Vulcanization

Way of stiffening rubber, allowed it to be more durable

Laissez-Faire

Economic system focused on a free market, in which the government had little involvement

Capitalism

Economic theory of a free market system, in which private companies controlled the economy

Communism

Political theory by Karl Marx in which the lower class would rebel against the upper class and begin a classless society

Unilever Corporation

Early transnational business, produced soap

Tenements

Cramped living spaces in which the working class were forced to live in urban centers

Labor unions

Working class grouped together to access better pay, more fair hours, and better working conditions

Tanzimat reforms

Ottoman Empire, known as the sick man of Europe, attempted to industrialize but mostly failed

Nationalism

Commonality among a people with shared language, culture, or land.

Imperialism

Policy of large nations extending their power over smaller ones, often has to do with colonization

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest, justified imperialism as well as genetics

Berlin Conference

1885, meeting in which European powers effectively cut up the continent of Africa

Pan-slavism

Political ideology of unifying Slavic nations into one country

Taiping Rebellion

Civil war between Qing dynasty and Taiping people, weakened China before second Opium War

Opium Wars

Set of wars between Britain and China, ending in the imposition of unfair trade agreements where China had to keep buying opium

Banana Republics

Group of latin American countries economically dominated by private fruit companies, which took massive amounts of land in exchange for the horrible jobs which they provided

Migration

People moving from one area to another, often driven by bad economic or political factors and driven towards better ones

Convict labor

System of forcing convicted criminals to do hard labor, led to the development of penal colonies in Australia

Ethnic Enclaves

Popularized by the migration of the industrial periods, the impact of diaspora in certain places (ex. Chinatowns)

Civilizing Mission

Justification within imperialism, also known as the “white man’s burden”

War of the Golden Stool

Rebellion in West Africa against British Imperialism, led by Yaa Asante Waa

Ghost dance movement

Rebellion against imperialism within America, a spiritual and cultural revitalization movement of the native americans