Industrialization, Imperialism, and Global Conflict Practice Flashcards

Exactly 300 VOCABULARY flashcards covering the Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, World War I, and World War II based on detailed lecture notes.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of new farming methods and technology that increased food production in the 1700s.

Great Britain (Agricultural Revolution)

The country where the Second Agricultural Revolution began.

Crop rotation

Planting different crops in a planned sequence to keep soil fertile.

Mechanization

Using machines to do work that was previously done by hand.

Seed drill

A machine invented by Jethro Tull that planted seeds more efficiently.

Jethro Tull

The inventor of the seed drill.

Enclosure Acts

Laws that allowed landowners to fence off common land and create larger farms.

Enclosure Acts (Effect on farmers)

Small farmers lost access to land and often moved to cities.

Agricultural Revolution (Population impact)

More food meant fewer people starved and more people survived.

Industrial Revolution

The shift from hand production to machine production in factories.

Great Britain (Industrialization)

The country where the Industrial Revolution began.

British Industrial Resources

Coal, iron, rivers, colonies, capital, and a stable government.

Coal

The resource that powered steam engines and factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Iron

The material used to build machines, tools, and railroads.

Colonies (Industrial role)

Regions that supplied raw materials and bought manufactured goods.

Agricultural Revolution (Industrial cause)

Produced more food and freed workers to move into factory jobs.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Urbanization (Industrial motive)

People moved to cities to work in factories.

Steam engine

Provided power for factories, trains, and ships.

Spinning Jenny

A machine that spun multiple threads at once.

Water Frame

A machine that used water power to spin thread.

Power Loom

A machine that mechanized weaving.

Cotton Gin

A machine that quickly removed seeds from cotton.

Railroads

Infrastructure that moved people and goods quickly over long distances.

Telegraph

Innovation that allowed fast communication over long distances.

Factory system

The production of goods in large factories using machines and workers.

Child labor

Children working long hours in factories, mines, and mills.

Labor exploitation reason

Factory owners hired children because they could be paid less and were easier to control.

Factory working conditions

Long hours, low pay, dangerous machinery, and unsafe environments.

Tenements

Crowded apartment buildings where many workers lived.

Urban slum problems

Disease, overcrowding, poor sanitation, and unsafe water.

Labor union

An organization of workers that fights for better wages and conditions.

Labor union creation motive

Workers wanted safer workplaces and better pay.

Industrial Labor reforms

Child labor laws, workplace safety laws, and shorter workdays.

Vertical integration

Controlling all stages of production.

Horizontal integration

Buying competing companies to reduce competition.

Monopoly

Complete control of an industry by one company.

Corporate trust

Multiple companies controlled by one board.

Captain of Industry

A business leader who helped the economy grow and created jobs.

Robber Baron

A business leader accused of exploiting workers and unfairly crushing competition.

Laissez-faire economics

The belief that government should stay out of the economy.

Social Darwinism (Industrial)

The belief that successful people and businesses succeed because they are naturally superior.

Social Darwinism (Inequality justification)

Used to justify wealth inequality and poor treatment of workers.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and competition.

Capital

Wealth or money used to invest in businesses.

Socialism

An economic system where the government owns or controls major industries.

Communism

An economic system where property is collectively owned and social classes are eliminated.

The Communist Manifesto

The book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Karl Marx

Co-author of The Communist Manifesto who theorized about the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Friedrich Engels

Co-author of The Communist Manifesto alongside Karl Marx.

Bourgeoisie

According to Marx, the wealthy owners of businesses and property.

Proletariat

According to Marx, the working class.

Class struggle

The conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat that Marx believed drives history.

Second Industrial Revolution

Occurred from the late 1800s to the early 1900s.

Electricity

A new energy source that became important during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Oil (Industrial)

A natural resource that became increasingly important during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Second Industrial Revolution industries

Steel, chemicals, automobiles, and electricity.

Alexander Graham Bell

The individual associated with the invention of the telephone.

Thomas Edison

Associated with practical electric lighting and improvements to electrical systems.

Positive effect of industrialization

More goods were produced at lower prices.

Negative effect of industrialization

Poor working and living conditions.

Transportation impact (Industrial)

Railroads and steamships made travel faster and cheaper.

Imperialism (Industrial cause)

Industrial countries wanted raw materials and new markets.

Long-term Industrial impact

Transformed economies, technology, society, and global power structures.

Imperialism

A policy where a powerful country extends its political, economic, or military control over weaker regions.

Colony

A territory controlled by a foreign country.

Sphere of influence

An area where a foreign power has special economic or political privileges.

Colony vs. Sphere of Influence

A colony is directly controlled, while a sphere of influence allows special privileges without direct control.

New Imperialism

The wave of imperial expansion during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Expansion characteristic (New Imperialism)

Driven by industrial needs, modern technology, and economic control rather than just conquest.

Major imperial motivations

Economic, political, and moral/cultural motivations.

Economic motivation (Imperialism)

Obtaining raw materials for factories.

Imperial raw materials

Rubber, cotton, palm oil, minerals, and metals.

Imperial markets motive

Industrial countries needed places to sell manufactured goods.

Political motivation (Imperialism)

Increasing national power and prestige.

Colony symbolism

Colonies were seen as symbols of national strength.

Naval bases (Imperial use)

Allowed countries to protect trade routes and project military power.

Moral justification (Imperialism)

Europeans claimed they were bringing civilization, Christianity, and education.

Civilizing mission

The belief that Europeans had a duty to spread their culture to others.

Social Darwinism (Imperial)

The belief that stronger societies naturally dominate weaker ones.

Social Darwinism (Imperial justification)

Europeans argued that conquering weaker societies was natural and beneficial.

Imperial racism

The belief held by many Europeans that they were racially superior to colonized peoples.

Social Darwinism (Pseudoscience)

The misuse of Darwin's biological ideas to justify inequality and racism.

Racist treatment (Colonial)

Colonizers often treated indigenous peoples as inferior and incapable of self-government.

Direct rule

A system where colonial officials govern a colony themselves.

Indirect rule

A system where local leaders govern under the supervision of imperial powers.

Cheaper rule system

Indirect rule was often cheaper for imperial powers.

Administrative control (Direct rule)

The system that gave colonizers more total control.

Indirect rule advantage

Required fewer officials and often reduced resistance.

Africa (Pre-Imperialism)

Contained many kingdoms, empires, and diverse societies.

African vulnerability

Political divisions and less advanced military technology.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid division of Africa among European powers during the late 1800s.

Scramble participants

Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European nations established rules for dividing Africa.

Berlin Conference (Date)

1884-1885.

Berlin Conference attendance

African representatives were not invited.

Berlin Conference consequence

African borders were drawn without regard for ethnic or cultural groups.

African border conflicts

Colonial borders grouped rival groups together or divided ethnic groups.

King Leopold II

The Belgian monarch who controlled the Congo Free State.

Leopold's Congo motive

To exploit natural resources, especially rubber.