Social Studies and Ideology Lecture Review

This set of 132 vocabulary flashcards covers key individuals, political ideologies, economic systems, and historical events mentioned in the Social Studies lecture transcript.

Thomas Hobbes

Argued that humans are essentially evil and should give up freedom for security under an authoritarian government.

John Locke

Believed humans are rational and intelligent; argued government must be justified by popular consent in a representative democracy.

Rousseau

Maintained humans are inherently good but corrupted by society; supported naturally equal and free individuals in a direct democracy.

Liberalism

Ideologies committed to the principles of dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation of society.

Hegemony

The political control over one group by another.

Themes of Ideology

Includes Race, Class, Nation, Relationship to the Land, Gender, and Religion.

Progressivism

Ideologies advocating moderate political or social reforms through government action.

Private Property

A principle of individualism involving the ownership of assets and land by individuals.

Rule of Law

A principle of individualism stating that the law applies equally to all citizens and no one is above it.

Individual rights and freedoms

A fundamental principle of individualism that protects the liberties of each person.

Competition

A principle of individualism where entities contend for profit, quality, or success in a market.

Economic freedom

A principle of individualism allowing individuals to make their own economic decisions without government interference.

Self-interest

A principle of individualism where one acts for their own personal gain.

PRICES

An acronym for the principles of Individualism: Private Property, Rule of Law, Individual rights and freedoms, Competition, Economic freedom, and Self-interest.

Co-operation

A principle of collectivism where people work together to achieve common goals.

Collective interest

A principle of collectivism focusing on goals that benefit a group as a whole.

Collective responsibility

A principle of collectivism where individuals are responsible for the group's actions.

Public Property

A principle of collectivism where assets or land are owned by the state or the community.

Adherence to collective norms

A principle of collectivism requiring individuals to follow the standards and rules of a group.

Economic equality

A principle of collectivism advocating for the redistribution of wealth to ensure similar standard of living for all.

CCCPAE

An acronym for the principles of Collectivism: Co-operation, Collective interest, Collective responsibility, Public Property, Adherence to collective norms, and Economic equality.

Capitalism

An economic system based on free markets, fair competition, profit motives, and minimal government involvement (Laissez-faire).

Classical Liberalism

An ideology embracing the principles of individualism and the original ideals of human rationality.

Humanists

Thinkers who believed in the importance of art and literature alongside faith, seeking meaning through reason and self-improvement.

Montesquieu

Supported the individual worth and the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

John Stuart Mill

A Classical Liberal who emphasized individual rights and liberties until they infringe on others.

Harm Principle

The belief that an individual's rights and freedoms should be protected to the point that others' liberties are also protected.

Physiocrats

A group of French enlightenment thinkers who critiqued mercantilism and from whom capitalism emerged.

Mercantilism

An economic theory where the aim of all pursuits is to benefit the power and wealth of the state.

Adam Smith

Economic philosopher who believed in the invisible hand and that government should only maintain rule of law and public works.

Invisible hand

The theory that individuals' pursuit of their own selfish desires would eventually benefit everyone in society.

Nouveau Riche

The new, wealthy class of bankers and professionals who rose during the industrial revolution.

Urbanization

The process where large groups of citizens move from rural areas to urban centers or cities.

Luddites

Skilled textile workers who attacked factories and machines because they were being replaced by industrial technology.

Chartists

A British working-class movement focused on political and social reform through six specific goals.

Chartist Goal 1: Universal Suffrage

The demand for the right to vote for all men over the age of $21$.

Chartist Goal 2: Electoral Districts

The demand for the creation of equal sized electoral districts.

Chartist Goal 3: Voting Methods

The demand for voting to be conducted by secret ballot.

Chartist Goal 4: Parliament Entry

The demand to end property qualifications for someone to serve in Parliament.

Chartist Goal 5: Salaries for MPs

The demand for the payment of Members of Parliament.

Chartist Goal 6: Election Frequency

The demand for annual elections.

Socialism

The belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the collective benefit rather than private owners.

Utopian Socialists

Thinkers who advocated for ending appalling worker conditions through education and improved environments to eradicate capitalism's worst aspects.

Robert Owen

A Utopian who managed a mill at New Lanark and provided free education and medical care to workers.

New Lanark

The location where Robert Owen implemented improved living conditions, free medical care, and social events.

Marxism

A radical form of socialism, also called scientific socialism or communism, advocating for the abolition of private property.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who saw history as a story of class warfare and believed the proletariat must defeat the bourgeoisie.

Proletariat

The working class in the Marxist framework who must eventually overthrow the capitalist system.

Bourgeoisie

The upper class in Marxism that owns the means of production and exploits the workers.

Command Economy

A centrally planned economy where the government makes all economic decisions, as seen in the Soviet Union.

Classical Conservatism

Ideology believing society is an organic whole with a hierarchical structure that must honor the past.

Burke

A classical conservative who supported established government but opposed tyranny.

Welfare Capitalism

System where the government uses legislation to give workers protections and a safety net, such as Factory Laws.

Factory Laws

British legislation that provided worker protections, serving as an early example of Welfare Capitalism.

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt's policy that provided protections for workers and owners under Welfare Capitalism.

Welfare State

The emergence of modern liberalism or mixed market economies spurred by the Great Depression.

Keynesian economics

Demand-side economics that uses fiscal and monetary ways to control the booms and busts of capitalism.

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression involving public works and emergency relief.

Alphabet agencies

Government groups created under FDR's New Deal to provide emergency relief to banks, farmers, and the public.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who felt government intervention was required to regulate consumer demand and avoid economic crashes.

Deficit spending

Government spending from borrowed funds during times of economic depression to stimulate the economy.

Monetary Policy

Actions taken by central banks to control the supply of money by raising or lowering interest rates.

Fiscal Policy

The direct spending and taxing functions of the government used to 'prime the pump' of the economy.

Prime the pump

The strategy within fiscal policy to boost the economy through government spending and taxing functions.

Method of Dictatorship: Organization

Extensive organization at all levels of society.

Method of Dictatorship: Participation

Forced participation in a variety of institutionalized groups.

Method of Dictatorship: Force

The use of force and terror, often through secret police.

Method of Dictatorship: Indoctrination

The systematic instruction of government ideology and beliefs.

Method of Dictatorship: Censorship

Controlling the media and disseminating propaganda.

Method of Dictatorship: Scapegoating

Redirecting popular discontent toward a specific group or minority.

Emancipation

Russian policy under Czar Alexander II that freed the serfs in $1861$.

Lenin

Leader of the communist Bolsheviks who believed violent revolution was the only way to achieve change in Russia.

Bolsheviks

The communist party in Russia led by Lenin.

Treaty of Versailles

The principle treaty ending WWI that forced Germany to pay reparations and accept war guilt.

War guilt clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles requiring Germany to accept sole responsibility for starting the war.

Fascism

A reactionary, extremely right-wing totalitarian system such as that seen in Nazi Germany.

Anti-Semitism

The prejudice and scapegoating of Jewish people, blaming them for societal problems.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Lenin's policy that allowed peasants to own land and small businesses, introducing elements of capitalism.

Five Year Plan

Stalin's centralized economic plan that ended the NEP and focused on heavy industry.

Kolkhozes

Large collective farms created during Stalin's Five Year Plan by combining many small farms.

Kulak

Class of prosperous landowners who were transformed into scapegoats during Soviet collectivization.

Holodomor

Mass starvation in the Ukraine designed to end dissent and opposition to collectivization.

Great Purge

A period during which Stalin killed or removed all forms of political opposition.

Enabling Act ($1933$)

Nazi law that restricted freedom, eliminated privacy, and allowed Hitler to make decisions without the Reichstag.

Autarky

A state of self-sufficiency or economic independence from other nations.

Nuremburg Laws

A series of laws defining who was Jewish and barring them from voting, civil service, and marriage to non-Jews.

Night of Broken Glass

An organized attack on Jewish people, their businesses, and their synagogues.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Legislation preventing business entities from owning two or more competing companies to stop monopolies.

First Red Scare

A period from $1917-1920$ where left-wing groups and foreigners faced strong opposition due to fear of communism.

Isolationism

A policy of retreating from involvement in the affairs of other countries, particularly European ones for the U.S.

Income Disparity

The measurable difference in earnings between the rich and the poor.

Inflation

The economic condition characterized by the decreased value of money.

Stagflation

An economic period featuring both a recession and high inflation at the same time.

Monetarism

An economic shift favoring the control of the money supply through regulating interest rates.

Reaganomics

A neo-conservative economic movement towards less government involvement and trickle-down economics.

Supply Side Economics

Policy of lowering tax rates for the wealthy to encourage investment, with benefits eventually reaching the working class.

Trickle-down economics

Another term for supply-side economics where the benefits of wealth at the top are expected to filter down to the workers.

Iron Curtain

Term popularized by Winston Churchill to describe the line between Western democracies and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe.

The Cold War

A political, economic, and social struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Expansionism

The attempt to enlarge territorial or ideological influence beyond a nation's borders.