Biology 112: Animal Diversity

Hox Genes

Genes that lay out the Body map of an organism

When do you first see tissue forming?

Embryonic Development

What is Gastrulation?

The movement of cells from the surface of the to the interior of the embryo

Diploblastic

Two layers of Tissue

Triploblastic

Three layers of tissues

Radial Symmetry

Multiple planes of Symmetry (a pie or sea anemone)

Bilateral Symmetry

Single plane of symmetry (Humans)

Characteristics of Diploblasts

1. Single Opening to their digestive tract

2. Gastrovascular Cavity

3. Incomplete Digestive System

Characteristics of Triploblasts

1. Separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall

Cephalization

The formation of a Head

Coelom

Develop a supporting membrane that holds the gut in a fluid filled cavity

Acoelom

Solid tube from mouth to anus

Pseudocoelom

A fluid filled cavity surrounds the gut

What are the three steps to early development?

1. Cleavage

2. Gastrulation

3. Coelom Formation

Protostome

Spiral Cleavage

Deuterstome

Radial Cleavage

Spiral Cleavage

Mouth as first opening

Radial Cleavage

Anus as first opening

Cleavage

Division by mitosis

Gastrulation

Movement of cells from Blastula Surface to the interior of embryo

Multicellularity

Allows for specialization and independence of the organelles in a cell

Heterotroph

"Else Eating"; Secrete digestive enzymes

Choanoflagellates

Oldest ancestor to the Eukaryotic Organisms

Bacteria and Archaea are?

Prokaryotic

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Single Cell

No Nucleus

Lack of Membrane Organelles

Single Strand of DNA

No known Sexual Reproduction

What are the three shapes bacteria comes in?

Spherical (coccoid)

Rod Shaped (bacilli)

Spiral

Autotrophs

Use photosynthesis to produce their nutrients

Heterotrophs

Eat other organisms to produce their nutrients

Pathogens

Bacteria or other organisms that cause disease

Important for Chemical Cycles

Help breakdown organic waste and dead material

Extremophiles

Organisms that live in extreme environments

Halophiles

Organisms that live in very high salinity environments

Thermophiles

Organisms that live in very high temperature environments

Methanogens

Decomposition without O2

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

Nucleus

Membrane Organelles

Cytoskeleton

Plasma Membrane

Endosymbiosis Theory

1. Evolved from inward folds of plasma membrane (produces nuclear envelope)

2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have evolved from small symbiotic prokaryotes

Characteristics of Protists

1. Unicellular but some are colonial and multicellular

2. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs

What are Plants?

Multicellular Eukaryotes

Who is the ancestor of plants?

Green Algae

Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants

1. Live on Land

2. Waxy Cuticle

Characteristics of Vascular Plants

1. No Seed

2. Vascular Tissue

3. Transports Nutrients and H2O

Characteristics of Angiosperms

1. Fruit/Fleshy seed

2. Flowers

Characteristics of an Animal

1. Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms

2. Heterotrophic

3. Digest their food within their bodies

What are the five characteristics that make an animal an animal?

1. Presence of Hot Gene

2. Embryonic Tissues

3. Type of Body Symmetry

4. Presence of absence of a fluid filled cavity

5. Earliest Embryonic Development

Endoderm

Inside Tissue (gut lining, digestive tracts)

Ectoderm

Outside Tissue (rise to the nervous system, body covering)

Mesoderm

Middle Tissue (muscles, skeletal structures, circulatory system)

Morula

32 cells

Blastula

More than 64 cells

Gastrula

3 layered embryo

In Gastrulation, Cells move from mouth to anus

Protostomes

In Gastrulation, Cells move from anus to mouth

Duetrostomes

In Coelom formation, mesoderm pulls apart

Protostomes

In Coelom formation, mesoderm pinches off of gut

Deutrostomes

Morphogenesis

Organization of Cells

Organogenesis

Formation of Organs

Characteristics of Porifera

1. Multicellular

2. Heterotrophic

3. Eukaryotic

Examples of Phylum Porifera

Sponges

What are two phyla in Porifera?

Sillicea and Calcarea

Characteristics of Cnideria

1. No Mesoderm

2. Radial Symmetry

3. Diploblasts

4. Have tissue

Examples of Phylum Cnideria

Coral and Jellyfish

Characteristics of Phylum Lophotrochoza

1. Bilateral Symmetry

What three phyla are in the Phylum Lophotrochoza?

1. Playhelminthes

2. Mollusca

3. Annelida

Characteristics of Playhelminthes

1. Acelomates

2. Body Cavity

3. Gastrovascular system has branches

What three classes are in the Phyla Mollusca?

1. Bivalves

2. Gastropods

3. Cephalopods

Characteristics of Phyla Annelida

1. Segmented

2. Coelom Body Cavity

3. Closed Circulatory System

Characteristic(s) of Ecdysozoa

Growth through Moulting

What are the two phyla in Phylum Ecdysozoa

1. Nemotoda

2. Athropoda

What are the four classes in the Phyla Arthropoda

1. Cheliceriformes

2. Myriapoda

3. Hexapoda

4. Crustacea

What classes are in the Phyla Nematoda?

1. Roundworms

2. Psuedocolemates

What phyla are in the Phylum Dueterstomia?

1. Echinodermata

2. Chordata

Characteristics of Phyla Echinodermata

1. Slow Moving

2. Marine

3. Water Vascular System

Characteristics of Chordates

1. Bilateral

2. Eumetazoa

3. Notocord

4. Dorsal Hollow

5. Pharyngeal Slits

Craniates

Chordates with a head

Example of Craniate

Hagfish

Characteristic of Vertebrates

Backbone

Example of Vertebrate

Lamprey

Characteristics of Gnathostomes

Jaws

Example of Gnathostomes

Sharks

Characteristics of Osteichthyans

Lung Derivative

Characteristics of Lobe Fins

Lobed Fins

Characteristics of Tetrapods

Legs

Example of Tetrapods

Frogs

Characteristics of Amniotes

Amniotic Egg

Example of Amniotes

Reptilia - Crocodiles

Characteristics of Mammals

Milk and Hair