Computer Organization and Architecture: Chapter 2 - Computer Evolution and Performance

The ENIAC stands for...

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

When was the ENIAC invented?

1946

Who created the ENIAC?

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

The ENIAC was the world's first...

General purpose electronic digital computer

Why was the ENIAC built?

Needed a way to supply trajectory tables for new weapons accurately and within a reasonable time frame

BRL stands for

Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory

They are the ones that needed the ENIAC

EDVAC stands for...

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EDVAC was proposed by...

John von Neumann

Stored program concept is a...

Program represented in a form suitable for storing in memory alongside the data

Stored program concept became...

A prototype for all subsequent general-purpose computers

main memory

stores both data and instructions

arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

capable of operating on binary data

control unit

interprets the instructions in memory and causes them

to be executed

Input/output (I/O)

equipment operated by the control unit

Four components of the IAS

Main memory

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit

Input/Output (I/O)

IAS stored numbers in...

Binary form and each instruction is a binary code

The IAS memory consisted of...

1000 storage locations (called words) of 40 bits each

Both data and instructions were stored in the IAS memory. True/False.

True

Memory Buffer Register (MBR)

Contains a word to be stored in memory or sent to the I/O unit, or is used to receive a word from memory or from the I/O unit.

Memory Address Register (MAR)

Specifies the address in memory of the word to be written from or read into the MBR.

Instruction Register (IR)

Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed

Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)

Employed to hold temporarily the right hand instruction from a word in memory

Program Counter (PC)

contains the address of the next instruction to be executed

Accumulator and Multiplier Quotient

Employed to hold temporarily

operands and results of ALU operations.

For example, the result of multiplying two 40-bit numbers is an 80-bit number; the most significant 40 bits are stored in the AC and the least significant in the MQ.

UNIVAC I

first general purpose commercial computer

Was intended for both scientific and commercial applications

Commissioned by the US Bureau of Census for 1950 calculations

UNIVAC II

delivered in the late 1950's

Had greater memory capacity and higher performance

backwards compatible

The term given to software it it runs on older versions of an operating system.

_______was the major manufacturer of ___________

IBM

punched-card processing equipment

Series of 700/7000 computers established IBM as...

nthe overwhelmingly dominant computer manufacturer

Second generation of computers used _______

Transistors

The use of the ________ defines the _______________.

Transistors

Second generation of computers

Computer generations technology

The first generation of computers used _______

Vacuum Tubes

What did second generation of computer introduce?

More complex arithmetic and logic units and control units

The use of high-level programming languages

Provision of system software which provided the ability to:

load programs

move data to peripherals and libraries

perform common computations

The third generation of computers used ________

Integrated circuits

Discrete component

Single, self-contained transistor

Manufactured separately, packaged in their own containers, and soldered or wired together onto masonite-like circuit boards

Manufacturing process was expensive and cumbersome

The two most important member of the third generation of computers were _________

IBM System/360

DEC PDP-8

What are the four componet of integrated circuits?

Data storage

Data processing

Data movement

Control

Data storage are provided by

Memory cells

Data processing is provided

Gates

Data movement components are used to...

Move data from memory to memory and from memory through gate to memory

wafer

A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips.

chips

Consist of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sandlike material called silicon.

Moore's Law

Refers to the computer chip performance per dollar doubles every 18 months

Consequences of Moore's Law

1. The cost of a chip has remained virtually unchanged during this period of

rapid growth in density. This means that the cost of computer logic and memory

circuitry has fallen at a dramatic rate.

2. Because logic and memory elements are placed closer together on more

densely packed chips, the electrical path length is shortened, increasing

operating speed.

3. The computer becomes smaller, making it more convenient to place in a

variety of environments.

4. There is a reduction in power and cooling requirements.

5. The interconnections on the integrated circuit are much more reliable than

solder connections. With more circuitry on each chip, there are fewer interchip

connections.

In 1970 Fairchild...

produced the first relatively capacious semiconductor

memory. This chip, about the size of a single core, could hold 256 bits of memory.

It was nondestructive and much faster than core. It took only 70 billionths of a second to read a bit. However, the cost per bit was higher than for that of core.

In 1974 the price per bit of semiconductor...

Dropped below the price per bit of core memory

There has been a continuing and rapid decline in memory cost accompanied by a corresponding increase in physical density

Developments in memory and processor technologies changed the nature of computers in less than decade

Since 1970 semiconductor...

Memory has been through 13 generations

Each generation has provided four time the storage density of the previous generation, accompanied by declining cost per bit and declining access time.

Microprocessors

an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer.

Improvements in chip organization and architecture

Increased hardware speed of processor

Increased size and speed of cahces

Change processor organization and architecture

Embedded System

A combination of computer

hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In many cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as in the case of an antilock braking system in a car

Examples of Embedded Systems

Acorn RISC Machine (ARM)

ARM is probably the most widely used embedded processor

architecture and indeed the most widely used processor architecture of any kind

in the world.