Eliz foreign policy

What was an early dilemma Eliz had regarding FP in Scot?

In 1559, Fr troops were brought over to Scot much to the resistance of the Prot Lords. The Prot lords (Lords of the Congregation) asked Eliz for help as they tried to oust Marie of Guise

What was Eliz’s reaction to the Prot Lords of the Congregation?

Was initially reluctant but pressured by Cecil, who even threatened to resign. Eventually gave support

Why did it make sense for Eliz to support the Prot Lords of the Congregation?

Having a pro-Eng, Prot gov in Scot would only be beneficial for Eng, would help to keep the Fr away from Eng’s borders

What was the name of the treaty where Eliz agreed to provide aid to the Lords of the Congregation, what year?

Treaty of Berwick, 1560

What was the outcome of the Eng support for the Prot Lords of the Congregation?

Prots defeated at Leith. However, defeat Fr fleet at sea and Marie of Guise dies so ultimately victorious

What was the Treaty of Edinburgh?

Both Fr and Eng agree to withdraw troops, MQS has to give up claim to Eng throne and stop wearing Eng coat of arms

When was the ToEdinburgh?

1560

What is important to note about the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh?

MQS never agreed to them (i.e. never gave up her claim to the Eng throne). Later came back to bite her as it was for this reason that Eliz refused to let her return to Scot through Eng, one of the reasons she was held captive for so long

What can be said for the overall success of Eliz’s early FP in Scot (like up to 1560?)

OK overall

Condensed version of MQOS 1560-68

• Returns to Scot after death of Francis

• Marries Darnley, which Eliz disapproves of. Had tried to put forward Leicester as candidate for marriage before this but Mary not interested

• However, suspicious circumstances surrounding Darnley’s death and then marriage to Bothwell meant Mary arrested and held in Lochleven Castle, cajoled into abdication

• Mary manages to escpae thanks to Douglas family

• Arrives in Eng in 1568 seeking help

What is Eliz’s first reaction to Mary arriving in Eng vs what actually happens?

Eliz at first wants to meet her and wants to help. Cecil discourages this, keeping the Prot lords in charge of scot is beneficial for Eng. Relations with Prot lords therefore stay the same

Why is there a power struggle in 1570 in SCotland?

Moray is assassinated, which is followed by a major conflict between the King’s Lords and the Queen’s Lords who want MQoS as ruler of Scotland

When does Eliz agree to send troops to support the King’s Lords

1572

What’s the situation in Scotland by 1573?

King’s Lords victorious, Morton = new regent (one of Moray’s men). Good relations with Eng and Scot until 1579

Why is the Auld Alliance not really that much of a threat for parts of Eliz’s early reign?

Scot controlled by Prot gov for most of the time - Fr is still a Cath country

When does Esme Stuart arrive in Scot?

1579

Why is Esme Stuart influential?

Is James IV cousin. James is only 13 at this point (Esme Stuart is in his late 20s). Starts grooming James, who makes him Earl of Lennox, Esme Stuart able to control the gov through James despite Morton still technically being regent

Why is Esme Stuart bad news for both the Prot lords and Eliz

Is French, Catholic, takes over control of gov despite Morton still being regent

How is Esme Stuart able to eliminate the threat that Morton posed to his power?

He persuades James that Morton was involved in the murder of Darnley (James’ father). James persuaded to put Morton on trial, is found guilty and is executed.

When was Morton executed?

1581

What is the situation like in terms of Scot’s gov after the fall of Morton?

Scotland now essentially being run by a Fr Cath who is league with the papacy. Eng’s relation with Scot going downhill.

What does Esme Stuart do that makes him even more of a direct threat to Eng?

Gets Scot involved in 1583 Guise Plot

What are relations with Scot like when Esme Stuart is on the throne?

Poor

What happens that improves relations between Eng and Scot?

Prot Lords manage to overthrow Esme Stuart (stage a plot and kidnap James, send Esme Stuart back to France). Prot Lords not running the country as James is 17, so he’s allowed to take control, but they’re still a highly influential force in Scot again

When is the ToBerwick signed?

1586

How does James abide by the ToBerwick?

When his mother is executed in 1587, he says they shouldn’t have done it etc but makes no real effort to enact revenge on England

What could explain James’ nonchalance regarding his mother?

barely knew his mother, thinking about his own ascension to Eng throne, was Prot

What can be said about FP relations with Scot between 1587-1603?

Good - no issues with James, sticks to ToBerwick agreement. Auld Alliance gone, Scot definitely Prot. Although James never formerly made heir, clear he will inherit - e.g. Robert Cecil in constant contact with James throughout the 1590s

What happens that means that relations with Sp don’t start off on the best note?

Very soon after Eliz becomes queen, Philip proposes to her but she is not interested.

What factors may’ve influenced Philip’s decision to offer to marry Eliz?

Philip is also worried about MQS (if she was queen of england, could threaten his dominance), wanted to promnote positive relations w/ Eng, etc

Apart from the issue with the marriage, why are relations with Spain pretty good at the start?

Eng’s biggest threat was Fr (Calais, MQS esp once she becomes Queen of Fr)

When do relations with Spain start to get worse?

1563

How come Granvelle was (largely) in control of the Neth?

Philip ruler of the Neth but leaves Neth in 1559 and never returns. Neth therefore ruled by his aunt Margaret of Parma but because she’s a woman, a chief minister is appointed who is really running the country- Granvelle

Why is Granvelle hostile towards Eng? (religion)

Whilst Cecil fears an ICC, Granvelle fears an international PROT conspiracy. Believes Eliz is trying to turn Europe Prot, worsened by Eliz signing 1560 ToBerwick and helping Prot lords in scot and helping Huguenots in 1562

Why is Granvelle hostile towards Eng? (trade)

Eng merchants had been putting up their prices to compensate for the decline of the cloth trade in Neth, had affected Dutch merchants

How does Granvelle respond to Eng’s behaviour in terms of trade and religion?

Cuts of cloth trade with Eng and refuses to buy Eng cloth.

How does Granvelle’s cutting off of cloth trade w/ Eng escalate?

Eng retaliate by cutting off all trade with the Neth, Neth reciprocates. Trade between Eng and Neth grinds to a halt

What is the first major incident that worsens the relations wit hSpain?

The trade war between Eng and Neth

What is an indirect consequence of the trade war with the Neth?

Eng start slooking for alternative markets - begin to trade more through Northern Germany and Scandinavia. Therefore, although trade war bad for Eng merchants, not completely disastrous

Prior to the trade war, how much Eng trade had gone through antwerp?

1/3

What’s the social/religious situation like in the Neth in 1565?

Widespread famine due to bad harvests so the people are suffering, also suffering because of brutal Prot persecutino

What do leading nobles (e.g. William of Orange) do in response to the hardships faced by the people in 1565?

Go to Marg of Parma and ask her to relax the religious persecution

How does Marg of Parma respond to the nobles’ request?

She agrees and relaxes the heresy laws

what is the people’s reaction to the relaxation of the heresy laws?

View it as an opportunity to get revenge. They start attacking Catholic churches, which then escalates into the Iconoclastic Fury

How does Philip react to the iconoclastic fury?

Sends Alva into the Neth with an army of 10,000 (at first)

By what year does the size of Alva’s army reach 100,000?

1572

What is important to note about the army stationed in the Neth?

philip has no intention of using it against Eng, it was there to sort out the Dutch. HOWEVER Alva also agreed to help the Northern Earls, indicating the Alva’s presence in the Neth was still a threat to Eng and contributed to worsening relations

How does the arrival of MQS in 1568 worsen relations?

Fear that Alva will invade from Neth to back her (e.g. NEs 1569)

How does Hawkins contribute to worsening relations between Eng and Sp?

During the 1560s, he leads 3 expeditions to the new world with slaves as part of the triangular trade route. Illegal in the eyes of Sp - Eng should trade with Sp rather than trading directly with the Sp empire

What was the massacre of Hawkins’ fleet called

The Massacre of San Juan de Ulloa

When is the Massacre of San Juan de Ulloa>?

1568

What happens during the 1568 Massacre of San Juan de Ulloa?

Attacks on Hawkins’ fleet in the Caribbean, only one ship makes it back to england

When is the Bullion Affair?

November 1568

What happens during the Bullion affair?

Philip shipping gold borrowed from italian bankers to Alva in the Neth. Bad storms force the ships to dock Plymouth, Portsmouth and Southampton. Agreed that the gold could travel over land to Dover but Eliz intercepts it and claims it. Sp ambassador calls it an “act of war”, but Eliz said that the gold technically didn’t belong to Sp yet, still belonged to Italian bankers

How much gold did Eliz take in the Bullion affair?

£80,000

Who is the Sp ambassador that worsens relations between Eng and Sp?

Dr John Man

When was Dr John Man recalled to Eng?

1568 (he only lasted 1 year)

How does Dr John Man aggravate Sp?

• He makes very rude comments about Catholicism, calling the Pope a “canting little monk”

• Insists on practising Puritanism in Spain

• tries to lecture Philip on religion

Who was the Sp ambassador up until 1568? What was good about him?

De Silva, was very much an Anglophile, loved Eng and Eng customs. Charming, got on well with Eliz and fit in well at the court.

Who replaces de Silva as Sp ambassador and when?

De éspes, 1568

Why does de éspes contribute to poor relations between Eng and Sp?

He’s Catholic, calls the Bullion Affair an “act of war”, gets involved in MQoS plots

How does Philip worsen relations between Eng and Sp in 1570?

He encourages the papal bull excommunicating Eliz

What are some examples of plots during this relatively early period that have Sp involvement?

‘69 - Northern Earls (plan was for Alva to invade through Hartlepool), ‘71 - Ridolfi Plot

Who are the Sea Beggars and how are they contributing to the bad relations (before Eliz makes the situation even worse)?

Dutch pirates who harassed Sp shipping and had been allowed to operate out of Eng ports. Philip therefore sees this as Eliz encouraging them to attack Sp ships. Eliz denies all knowledge of the Sea Beggars’ actions (unlikely)

When/what does Eliz do to worsen the situation with the Sea Beggars?

1572, kicks them out of Eng so they go back to Holland and spark a rebellion. They land in the south of the Neth, where there are no Sp troops (all up north dealing w/ William of Orange) and seize control of Holland and Zealand. First step in the Dutch Revolt to actually seizing control of the Neth

What treaty in 1572 annoys Spain?

1572 ToBlois - defensive alliance between Fr and Eng

Other than having a massive army close to ENg, how do Alva’s actions increase mistrust towards Sp?

When he arrives in the Neth in 1567, he brings the Spanish Inquisition to the Neth. 1568 - sets up what became known as the Council of Blood that persecuted Prots. Used this against the Dutch nobles, who were often falsely accused of being Prots. Fisrt 2 were executed in 1568. Council of Blood used as a toll to get rid of opposition. Set off alarm bells in Eng - Cecil was worried about ICC, also fear that if alva invaded Eng, would do the same thing here

What can be said about relations with Sp (and coincidentally Fr) by 1572?

very bad :(

In the early 1570s, what was Eliz divided on>

Whether to pursue a cautious or aggressive FP with Sp

Who was pushing for Eliz to pursue a cautious approach to Sp? Why?

Cecil - felt helping Neth/going against Sp could end up harming Eng, also could end up with Fr in the Neth which was just as bad. Cautious route would help them preserve money

Who was pushing for Eliz to pursue an aggressive policy towards Sp? Why?

Walsingham and Leicester - wanted an independant Neth, feared Sp may keep a large army permanently stationed there if they were victorious, could help MQoS (this debate was also following Ridolfi Plot)

What approach did Eliz end up taking in the early 1570s?

Almost a half-way house - starts off rather cautiously

Why does Eliz initially go with the cautious approcah to Sp in 1572-74?

Also dealing with the situation in Fr

When does Parma take control of the Sp army in the Neth?

1578

How does Eliz try to repair relations with France in the early 1570s(to counteract the threat of Sp’s army in the Neth)?

Reaffirs ToBlois in 1574, marriage talks resume (this time discussing potential for Eliz to marry younger Francis, DoAnjou

When was the Treaty of Nymegen?

1573

What was the Treaty of Nymegen?

Trade deal with Alva. Restarts trade with Neth, fully restarts trade after things had gone downhill under Granvelle

When was the trade convention of Bristol?

1574

What was the trade convention of Bristol?

Aimed at improving trade after San Juan de Ulloa (1568). Said they would trade with Spain and would no longer trade illegally with the Sp empire

What can be said about relations with Eng and Sp by 1574?

On the up - Philip willing to go along with these attempts at improved relations as he was also trying to fight the Ottomans at the same time

How do relations with Spain change from 1574?

Eliz gradually starts to move away from her initial cautious approach and starts to adopt her indirect policy, plausible deniability

What did Eliz say about her indirect approach?

“such indirect assistance shall not be a cause of war”

What did Eliz do with pirates as part of her indirect approach?

Turned a blind eye to pirating Sp ships in the Channel, could be seen as somewhat encouraging them to attack the Sp ships. When Philip complained about this, Eliz denied all knowledge of the pirateering

When was Drake’s circumnavigation?

1577-80

How was Drake’s circumnavigation an attack on Sp?

Threatened Sp dominance, infringed on Sp areas of control, during the circumnavigation Drake landed on the east coast of North America and claimed an area and called it Nova Albion - in breach of agreement with Pope (ToTordesillas)

Before sending in men/money, how does Eliz try to intervene in the situation with Sp in the Neth

Tried to negotiate but this doesn’t work

What did Eliz want to happen in the Neth?

Wanted Philip to remain DoBurgundy and retain sovereignty, wanted the Sp army out of Neth, wanted religious toleration, wanted the Dutch Parl/nobles to have their freedom and fair share of control in running the country

WHat happens in the Neth in 1576?

Sack of Antwerp

What is the Sack of Antwerp?

In 1576, because all of the supplies in the Channel had been disrupted, Sp lacked the supplies and money to sustain its army. Alva had also left at this point and the troops were being led by a serious of hopeless generals. The Sp army found alternate means of feeding and paying themselves, namely marching on and pillaging Antwerp

What is the consequence of the sack of antwerp?

before, only 3-4 states in the Neth had been in active rebellion. However, once the Sp army destroys the capital, all 17 states rise up in rebellion. Get together and sign the Pacifcation of Ghent

When/what is the Pacification of Ghent?

The rebels’ demands to Philip - Philip kept as soveriegn, but wanted religious toleration, Sp soldiers gone and Dutch Parl having its liberties restored.

Why does Eliz agree to step in and help the Dutch people after the sack of antwerp?

Their demands in the Pacification of Ghent align with what she wants. She renews negotiations in aid of the Dutch (still not providing military support or anything so more direct approach than before, but still not actively working against Sp)

What is signed in 1577, what is controversial about this?

Don Jon (leader of Sp troops) signed the Perpetual Edict in 1577, agreeing to the Dutch people’s demands. However, Philip never agrees to this!!

What is Philip’s reaction to the 1577 perpetual Edict?

Is furious, sends in more troops to the Neth under the control of the Duke of Parma (an excellent military leader - forces WIlliam of Orange to meet his match)

How do relations change from 1580?

Progressively become worse and worse

How does Portugal in 1580 contribute to worsening relations between Eng and Sp?

1580 - King of Portugal dies w/out clear heir

Two claimants to the throne - Philip (mother was a Portugese princess) and Don Antonio.

Philip claiming the throne would be disastrous for Eng so Eliz backs Don Antonio

However, Philip ends up successful in Portuguese succession crisis so all Eliz has achieved is aggravating Philip further

Why would Philip gaining control of Portugal be so disastrous for Eng?

Portugal had lots of overseas territories so Philip could technically be seen as controlling New World (according to Treaty of Tordesillas), Portugal had powerful navy

What does William of Orange do in 1580, how does Eliz respond?

Asks her for backing in the Neth, she refuses and only offers indirect assistance

Given Eliz refused to properly help William of Orange in 1580, what does he do?

Turns to Fr for help. Francis DoAnjou agrees to help as he sees this as an opportunity to advance

How does Eliz respond to Francis DoAnjou agreeing to help William of Orange?

Panics - although she didn’t want the Sp army in the Neth, she didn’t want Fr in there either. Decides to try and control Francis’ campaign (although doesn’t immediately resort to financing the campaign - that comes later. She’s still able to control him though as they’re meant to be getting marrried - ToBlois)