Pig Dissection

left and right

pig's left and right

anterior

toward the head

posterior

toward the rear

caudal

toward the tail

dorsal

toward the back; up

ventral

toward the belly; down

lateral

toward the side

medial

toward the middle

proximal

near a specified point of reference

distal

away from a specified point of reference

pectoral

referring to the shoulder region

pelvic

referring to the hip region

frontal plane

aka coronal plane; divides the body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) regions

sagittal plane

aka longitudinal plane; divides the body into left and right regions

transverse (cross) plane

aka horizontal, axial; divides the body into upper and lower regions

the body proper is divisible into which two regions

thorax and abdomen

thorax

the chest; area between the neck and abdomen; contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

abdomen

the belly; area between the chest (diaphram) and pelvis; contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, bladder, and female reproductive system

ears

allows the mammal to hear by receiving sound waves

pinna

L: external flap

F: helps to gather sound

- animals reliant on hearing have large pinnas

external acoustic meatus

L: canal leading to the eardrum

F: concentrates sound waves

eyes

F: allows mammal to see by capturing visible light

upper and lower eyelids

L: folds of skin around eye

F: protects the eye

nictitating membrane

aka third eyelid

L: covers anterior portion of eyeball

F: moves across eyeball; helps to keep it clean (and moist)

mouth (oral cavity)

F: beginning of the digestive system; point of ingestion (of food and air) and allows mammal to vocalize

lips

L: fleshy structures surrounding mouth

F: combined with the cheeks, it allows the young to suckle

cheeks

L: lateral walls of the mouth

F: combined with the lips, it allows the young to suckle

tongue

L: ventral surface of the oral cavity

F: the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech.

hard palate

L: dorsal surface of the oral cavity

F: separation of nasal and oral cavities

soft palate

L: posterior to the hard palate, not supported by bone

F: a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking

teeth

L: inside mouth, upper and lower gums

F: anatomical structures inside the mouth which allows the mammal to chew

incisors

L: inside mouth, upper and lower gums, between the canines

F: teeth that are used for cutting.

canines

L: inside mouth, upper and lower gums, in front of the premolars

F: teeth that rip and tear food.

pharynx

L: most posterior part of the oral cavity

F: passageway for the food and respiratory canals

epiglottis

L: flap at base of tongue

F: prevents food from entering the trachea by covering the glottis

glottis

Opening between vocal cords in the larynx which serves as the passageway for air to travel in and out of the trachea

trachea

L: passageway leading to the lungs, right under the larynx

F: allow passage of air into and out of the lungs

esophagus

L: dorsal to trachea

F: soft, muscular digestive tract tube which connects the oral cavity with the stomach

thymus (glands)

L: among the muscles around the throat

F: produces antibodies as a defense against disease in young pigs

thyroid

L: by the trachea

F: endocrine gland that produces thyroxin, a hormone which regulates metabolic rate

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland which produce parathyroid hormone

larynx

L: above the trachea

F: hollow tube forming an air passage to the lungs and contains the vocal cords

vocal cords

L: inside the larynx

F: membranes inside the larynx which vibrate to produce sounds

thoracic cavity

F: cavity housing lungs and heart

right / left pleural cavities

compartments containing the lungs

pericardial cavity

compartment containing the heart

bronchi

L: under the heart, posterior end of the trachea

F: tubes which branch off the trachea and carry air into the lungs

air sacs / alveoli

L: inside the lung

F: tiny, thin-walled pouches in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur

liver

L: under the diaphram

F: organ which removes toxins from the bloodstream, regulates blood sugar levels, and processes nutrients from food

diaphram

L: bottom of the chest cavity F: muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and helps the mammal breathe

stomach

L: under the liver

F: organ in which food is stored and digestion is initiated

pylorus

L: constriction between stomach and small intestine

F: connects the stomach with the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

L: after the pylorus, before the duodenum

F: band of muscle which controls the flow of substances between the stomach and the small intestine

mesentery

L: abdominal cavity

F: sheets of tissue which support and suspend the visceral organs, especially the intestines to the wall and the spleen to the stomach

spleen

L: by the stomach and liver, long, flat, and reddish

F: organ that participates in the production, storage, and elimination of red blood cells

duodenum

L: anterior end (start) of the small intestine

F: the anterior end of the small intestine which continues digestion and begins the absorption of nutrients

small intestine

L: under the liver

F: digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

bile duct

L: connected to liver

F: tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine

gall bladder

L: embedded in the liver

F: organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

pancreas

L: under the stomach

F: An organ which produces digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar, such as insulin and glucagon

jejunum

L: connected to the duodenum

F: the middle portion of the small intestine which which further digests food and absorbs nutrients

ileum

L: connected to the jejunum, the last part of the small intestine

F: the last and longest portion of the small intestine which is responsible for the absorption of nutrients unabsorbed by the first two portions, particularly vitamin B12 and bile acids

large intestine / colon

L: connected to the small intestine

F: The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

caecum (cecum)

L: beginning of large intestine

F: fingerlike projection of the large intestine that absorbs water and aids in digestion of carbohydrates

spiral colon

L: near the small intestine

F: portion of the large intestine which reabsorbs water and electrolytes, houses bacteria which anaerobically break down the waste further, and transports feces to the rectum

rectum

L: end of the large intestine

F: A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

anus

L: end of the rectum

F: A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

heart

L: center of the thoracic cavity

F: A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

pericardium

F: membrane surrounding the heart which protects it

left ventricle

L: pig's left, our right

F: pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body.

right ventricle

L: pig's right, our left

F: pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

left atrium

F: receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and empties the blood into the left ventricle

right atrium

F: receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

pulmonary trunk

L: next to the left atrium

F: vessel which carries blood from right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

pulmonary arteries

L: branches of pulmonary trunk

F: vessels which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it will release CO2 and pick up O2

aorta

L: the big tube that has 3 vessels branching off it

F: artery that leaves the left ventricle and carries the oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

ductus arteriosus

L: between the aorta and pulmonary artery

F: a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

carotid arteries

Arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood

left subclavian artery

Third branch of the aortic arch that distributes blood to the left arm

aortic arch

a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck

descending aorta

the descending part of the aorta that branches into smaller arteries in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

celiac / coeliac artery

short vessel which supplies the liver, stomach, duodenum, and spleen with oxygenated blood

mesenteric artery

a vessel which branches to the pancreas and small intestine

renal arteries

pair of arteries that supply the kidneys

iliac arteries

pair of arteries which branch off near the posterior end of the aorta and supply each of the legs

umbilical arteries

arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

umbilical veins

veins which carry oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

caudal vena cava (inferior)

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower portion of the body to the right atrium

***packet says oxygenated- is incorrect

foramen ovale

opening in the septum which connects the two atria in the fetal heart

cranial vena cava (superior)

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper portion of the body to the right atrium

nostrils (nares)

L: end of the snout

F: allow the entry and exit of air through the nasal cavities

legs

F: allows the mammal to move

ungulate definition

hoofed

3 parts of a muscle

Origin, belly, insertion

origin

end attached to a rigid part of the skeleton

insertion

end attached to some part of the skeleton that moves when the muscle contracts

belly

thickened middle portion between the two points of attachment

tensor fasciae lata

L: large muscle at the anterior surface of the thigh

- origin: ilium

- insertion: patella

A: (google) extension and lateral rotation of knee; abduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip

gluteus medius

L: a thick muscle which lies just posterior to the tensor fasciae lata

- origin: vertebrae

- insertion: proximal end of the femur

A: abduct the thigh