Anatomy & Physiology 1 Exam 1

What does the term "anatomy” refer to?

Structures

What does the term “physiology” refer to?

Functions

According to the Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function, what allows the physiology of the human body to be accomplished?

Anatomical Design

Gross anatomy refers to structures that you see with or without a microscope?

Without

Name a subdivision of physiology.

Could be: Renal Physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular Physiology

From smallest to largest, what are the levels of body organization?

Chemical-Cellular-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism

What is the smallest unit of life?

Cells

List the 11 body systems.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

What are the 8 requirements for life?

Maintaining boundaries, movements, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

Name the 5 survival requirements for living organisms.

Nutrients, oxygen, water, heat, atmospheric pressure.

What does homeostasis mean, and what are the 3 requirements to maintain it?

The body must maintain a range or set point of internal factors in order to survive; Receptor, control center, effector.

When restoring and maintaining homeostasis in the body, what is the most common type of feedback?

Negative Feedback

Name the two examples of positive feedback restoration of homeostasis.

Childbirth labor contractions, & blood clotting

Name the directional terms

Superior, Inferior, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Intermediate, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep

Name the body plane that divides into right and left sections.

Sagittal

Name the body plane that divides into superior and inferior sections.

Transverse

Name the body plane that divides into anterior and posterior sections.

Frontal or Coronal

Name the body plane that divides into diagonal sections.

Oblique

Which type of imaging is used to see bones?

X-Ray

Which type of imaging is used to see soft tissue?

CT

Which type of imaging is a specialized CT used with a contrast agent?

Angiography

Which type of imaging is used to follow the progression of cancer?

PET Scan

Which type of imaging is used in structures with high water content?

MRI

Which type of imaging uses sound waves?

Ultrasound

The appendix is located in the_______

Right Lower Quadrant

The gallbladder is located in the_______

Right Upper Quadrant

The stomach is located in the________

Left Upper Quadrant

Name the two layers of a serous membrane.

Visceral serosa, Parietal serosa

What is located between the two layers of serous membranes and what is the purpose of it?

Serous cavity

Describe the types of energy used in the human body and give an example of each.

Chemical- Stored inside molecular bonds; ATP

Electrical- Ions creating a current flow; heartbeat

Mechanical- Pull or push; skeletal muscles

Electromagnetic- light waves; eye

What two particles are in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

Name the four most common elements found in the human body.

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of what?

Neutrons

What is an atom?

Charged electrons orbiting a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms bonded together.

What is a compound?

Two or more different types of atoms(elements) bonded together.

Define atomic mass.

Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

Define ions.

Atoms with unequal number of protons and electrons.

Define atomic weight.

Average mass of all isotopes of an element normally found in nature weighted by the percent of each isotopes abundance

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Consistent throughout

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Inconsistent throughout

Name the three types of mixtures found in the human body.

Solutions, colloids, suspensions.

Which type of mixture is clear?

Solutions

Which type of mixture appears cloudy?

Colloids

Which type of mixture has large solute particles that settle out of the mixture?

Suspensions

Know that valence electrons are electrons found in the outermost shell of the electron orbit. How many electrons do atoms want to have in this shell?

8

Describe an ionic bond.

Valence electrons not shared

Described a covalent bond.

Shared valence electrons

Described a polar covalent bond.

Electrons are shared but not equally

Know that sometimes there are single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds between atoms in a molecule. How many electrons does each bond represent?

2, 4, & 6

_________are between two different molecules that contain hydrogen (H) and either fluorine (F), oxygen (O), or nitrogen (N).

Hydrogen Bonds

Anabolism is a_____

Synthesis reaction

Catabolism is a_______

Decomposition reaction

What type of reaction releases energy?

Exergonic reaction

What type of reaction absorbs energy?

Endergonic reaction

Is HCl an acid, base or salt?

Acid

Is NaCl an acid, base, or salt?

Salt

Is NaOH an acid, base, or salt?

Base

Cells are what percent water?

70%

What does the high heat capacity of water do for the body?

Maintains temperature homeostasis

What gives water its ability to dissociate other molecules, thereby making it a good solvent?

Polarity

What is hydrolysis?

Chemical breakdown due to water

Contains a metal and a nonmetal.

Salt

Donates a hydrogen atom to a solution.

Acid

Accepts a hydrogen atom and often contains a hydroxyl (OH).

Base

What does the pH of a solution refer to?

Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

What does a higher concentration of hydrogen ions do to the pH?

Lowers

What pH is acidic?

<7

What pH is neutral?

=7

What pH is basic?

>7

What is the homeostatic range for blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What happens to carbonic acid resulting in lower pH?

Releases H+

What happens to bicarbonate to raise pH?

Receives H+

Organic compounds contain what element?

Carbon

Name the 4 types of organic macromolecules found in the body?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid

What process do macromolecules use for degradation?

Hydrolysis

What process do macromolecules use for building?

Dehydration synthesis

Name the subunits for carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides

How are carbohydrates classified?

Number of simple sugars

Carbohydrates are sometimes used to make ATP, the primary source of _______ for the body.

Fuel

What are the structural uses for carbohydrates in the body?

DNA & RNA, cell surfaces

Simple sugars are also called what?

Monosaccharides

Two simple sugars linked together are called what?

Disaccharides

Long chains of simple sugars are called what?

Polysaccharides

Name the subunits for lipids.

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

What are the 5 purposes for lipids in the body?

Insulation, organ protection, cell membranes, energy storage, hormones.

Triglycerides are lipids with 3 fatty acid tails. If a triglyceride has all single bonds in the fatty acid chains, and is solid at room temperature, what kind of triglyceride is it?

Saturated

If a triglyceride has one double bond in its fatty acid chains, and is liquid at room temperature, what kind of triglyceride is it?

Monounsaturated

If a triglyceride has more than one double bond in its fatty acid chains, and is liquid at room temperature, what kind of triglyceride is it?

Polyunsaturated

What are phospholipids used for?

Membranes of individual cells

Are the heads of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic

Are the fatty acid tails of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

What type of lipid is recognized by 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings?

Steroids

What are steriods used for in the body?

Vitamin D synthesis, bile salts(digestion), hormones

What are the subunits of proteins?

Amino acids

What structure of the protein is the amino acid sequence?

Primary structure

What structure of the protein is either alpha helix or a beta sheet?

Secondary structure

What structure of the protein is the folded formation to make a compact globular molecule?

Tertiary structure

When two or more polypeptide chains are combined, which structure of the protein is represented?

Quaternary structure

What protein ends in “ase” and is used to catalyze reactions?

Enzymes