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Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as a primary energy source for cells, with the chemical formula C6H12O6.

Galactose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) commonly found in milk, with the same chemical formula as glucose but a different structure.

Fructose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in fruits, known for being sweeter than glucose and having the formula C6H12O6.

Lactose

A disaccharide made from galactose and glucose, commonly found in milk.

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Amino Acid

The building block (monomer) of proteins, characterized by a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms, with the formula C6H12O6.

Galactose

A simple sugar found in milk, which combines with glucose to form lactose.

Fructose

A simple sugar found in fruits, with the same molecular formula as glucose but a different structure (isomer).

Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms; typically solid at room temperature and found in animal fats.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature and found in plant oils.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet (e.g., lysine, methionine).

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that can be produced by the body and are not required in the diet (e.g., alanine, aspartic acid).

DNA Nucleotide

A type of nucleotide that makes up DNA, consisting of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine).

RNA Nucleotide

A nucleotide that makes up RNA, consisting of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil).

Sucrose

Commonly known as table sugar, it is a disaccharide made up of fructose and glucose.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by linking individual monosaccharides into long chains.

Starch

A common storage form of glucose in plants, found in foods like bread, pasta, and potatoes.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that is a component of plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in the liver and muscles.

Lipids

A class of macromolecules that includes fats, oils, and waxes, which do not dissolve in water.

Fatty Acids

Building blocks (monomers) of most lipids, classified as saturated or unsaturated based on hydrogen bonding.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and are typically solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds in the carbon chain and are usually liquid at room temperature.

Triglycerides

Lipids made from glycerol and three fatty acids, serving as energy storage in the body.

Proteins

Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, serving as building blocks for body parts.

Amino Acids

The building blocks (monomers) of proteins, with 20 different kinds used by the human body.

Enzymes

A group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Nucleic Acids

Complex organic molecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleotides

Building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Monomers

Small organic molecules that can bind together to form polymers.

Polymers

Large molecules composed of repeated, linked units (monomers), which can also form macromolecules.

Macromolecules

Large carbon-based molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that links monomers to form polymers, releasing water as a by-product.

Hydrolysis

The process that breaks down complex molecules (like polymers) by the addition of water.

Glucose

A type of monosaccharide that serves as a key source of energy for cells.

Fructose

A monosaccharide found in many plants and is sweeter than glucose.

Galactose

A monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Building blocks that form lipids, characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms. (no monomers)

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Monomers that contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, 20 different types exist in nature.

Nucleotide

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates and the basic building blocks of sugars.

Deoxyribonucleotide

A nucleotide that consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base found in DNA.

Ribonucleotide

A nucleotide that consists of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base found in RNA.